Tongtong Zhang1, Junling Li1. 1. National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: It has been proven that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), and KRAS are common driver genes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Molecular targeted therapy increases the overall response rate and progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with EGFR-sensitive mutation or echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion. However, target and targeted drugs for lung squamous cell carcinoma to indicate clinical therapy remain to be confirmed. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the status of driver genes and the clinicopathologic characteristics of NSCLC. METHODS: A total of 90 patients were recruited and tested for EGFR, ALK and KRAS mutations. The status of EGFR and KRAS was tested by amplification refractory mutation system, and the status of ALK was tested by fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Of the 90 patients, 8 patients had EGFR mutation (8.8%), and 2 cases had KRAS mutation (2.2%). EML4-ALK fusion was found in 1 of 18 patients (5.6%). EGFR mutation occurred more frequently in females than in males (P=0.022). Significant differences were observed in pathological stage (P=0.042) and differentiation grade (P=0.003). No significant difference in PFS was observed between EGFR-TKI treatment and chemotherapy in EGFR mutation patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (P=0.607). Patients with EML4-ALK fusion could benefit from targeted therapy. CONCLUSIONS: EML4-ALK fusion occurred more frequently than EGFR and KRAS mutations in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma. Clinicopathologic characteristics were different between EGFR mutation and EGFR wild-type patients. The relationship between molecular targeted therapy and status of EGFR or ALK genes in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma needs further investigation.
BACKGROUND: It has been proven that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), and KRAS are common driver genes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Molecular targeted therapy increases the overall response rate and progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with EGFR-sensitive mutation or echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion. However, target and targeted drugs for lung squamous cell carcinoma to indicate clinical therapy remain to be confirmed. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the status of driver genes and the clinicopathologic characteristics of NSCLC. METHODS: A total of 90 patients were recruited and tested for EGFR, ALK and KRAS mutations. The status of EGFR and KRAS was tested by amplification refractory mutation system, and the status of ALK was tested by fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Of the 90 patients, 8 patients had EGFR mutation (8.8%), and 2 cases had KRAS mutation (2.2%). EML4-ALK fusion was found in 1 of 18 patients (5.6%). EGFR mutation occurred more frequently in females than in males (P=0.022). Significant differences were observed in pathological stage (P=0.042) and differentiation grade (P=0.003). No significant difference in PFS was observed between EGFR-TKI treatment and chemotherapy in EGFR mutation patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (P=0.607). Patients with EML4-ALK fusion could benefit from targeted therapy. CONCLUSIONS:EML4-ALK fusion occurred more frequently than EGFR and KRAS mutations in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma. Clinicopathologic characteristics were different between EGFR mutation and EGFR wild-type patients. The relationship between molecular targeted therapy and status of EGFR or ALK genes in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma needs further investigation.
筛选中国医学科学院肿瘤医院2011年1月-2014年12月收治的肺鳞癌患者2, 858例,回顾性分析了其中90例已行基因检测的患者,所有患者均经病理组织学免疫组化证实为肺鳞癌。其中男性79例,女性11例。年龄32岁-73岁;按国际肺癌研究协会(International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, IASLC)2009年第7版NSCLC的分期标准,Ⅰ期24例,Ⅱ期19例,Ⅲ期37例,Ⅳ期10例。
基因检测方法
EGFR基因突变应用突变扩增阻滞系统(amplification refractory mutation system, ARMS)的方法,KRAS基因突变也应用ARMS法检测,ALK基因融合应用荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)技术进行检测。
EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; ALK: anaplastic lymphoma kinase; EML4-ALK: echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase.
EGFR gene
8
Exon 19 (19del)
4
4.4%
Unknown
4
4.4%
KRAS gene
2
Codon 2
2
2.2%
ALK gene
1
EML4-ALK
1
5.6%
EGFR、KRAS和ALK基因突变检测结果Results of EGFR, KRAS and ALK mutation status
EGFR基因突变与临床特征的关系
女性患者的EGFR基因突变率高于男性(3/11 vs 5/79),差异有统计学意义(P=0.022)。EGFR突变患者低、中分化比率低于EGFR野生型患者(62.5% vs 93.9%, P=0.003),EGFR基因突变患者确诊时多处于Ⅲ期-Ⅳ期(87.5% vs 48.7%, P=0.042)。以胸膜为首发转移部位的EGFR突变患者比率高于EGFR野生型患者(37.5% vs 8.5%, P=0.013)。其他首发转移部位在EGFR突变及野生型患者中的发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05)(表 2)。
2
EGFR基因突变与临床特征的关系(n=90)
EGFR gene mutation and clinical characteristic relationship (n=90)
Clinical characteristic
Data
EGFR gene
P
Mutation (n=8)
Wild type (n=82)
TNM: tumor-node-metastasis.
Gender
0.022
Female
11 (12.2%)
3 (37.5%)
8 (9.8%)
Male
79 (87.8%)
5 (62.5%)
74 (90.2%)
TNM stage
0.042
Ⅰ
24 (26.7%)
1 (12.5%)
23 (28.0%)
Ⅱ
19 (21.1%)
0 (0)
19 (23.2%)
Ⅲ
37 (41.1%)
4 (50.0%)
33 (40.2%)
Ⅳ
10 (11.1%)
3 (37.5%)
7 (8.5%)
Pathological grade
0.003
Low
44 (48.9%)
2 (25.0%)
42 (51.2%)
Moderate
38 (42.2%)
3 (37.5%)
35 (42.7%)
High
2 (2.2%)
0 (0)
2 (2.4%)
Unknown
6 (6.7%)
3 (37.5%)
3 (3.7%)
Metastatic site
Lung
9 (10.0%)
2 (25.0%)
7 (8.5%)
0.138
Bone
7 (7.8%)
0 (0)
7 (8.5%)
0.389
Brain
6 (6.7%)
1 (12.5%)
5 (6.1%)
0.488
Pleura
10 (11.1%)
3 (37.5%)
7 (8.5%)
0.013
Liver
4 (4.4%)
0 (0)
4 (4.9%)
0.523
EGFR基因突变与临床特征的关系(n=90)EGFR gene mutation and clinical characteristic relationship (n=90)
目前,肺鳞癌患者是否需要同肺腺癌患者那样常规进行驱动基因检测仍存在一定争议。美国临床肿瘤学会(American Society of Clinical Oncology, ASCO)认为,所有NSCLC患者均应一线进行EGFR基因检测从而指导后续治疗[。欧洲肿瘤内科学会(European Society for Medical Oncology, ESMO)建议在非鳞癌的NSCLC患者中进行驱动基因检测[。美国国立综合癌症网站(National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCCN)则建议对肺鳞癌,尤其是不吸烟、小活检或存在混合成分的鳞癌患者也应进行EGFR基因检测[。这些争议存在的原因是由于目前没有有力证据证明EGFR-TKIs能给肺鳞癌患者带来明显的临床及生存获益。对于常见驱动基因(EGFR、KRAS及ALK)突变的发生率也仍存在一定争议。一项meta分析[显示,东亚人群中肺鳞癌EGFR的突变率略高于西欧人群,分别为4.6%和3.3%。而KRAS突变及EML4-ALK基因融合在两种族的肺鳞癌患者中却有明显差异,西欧人群的发生率均明显高于东亚人群(6.4% vs 1.8%, 4.5% vs 1.8%)。而国内衣素琴等[在48例肺鳞癌中检测到12例EGFR基因突变,突变率为25%。本研究结果中EGFR突变率为8.9%,介于国外报道及国内报道数据之间。KRAS突变率为2.2%,与国外研究数据相似。而EML4-ALK融合发生率在本研究中可达5.6%,明显高于国外报道,这可能与本研究进行ALK基因融合检测的样本量较少有关。然而,本研究数据证明至少在肺鳞癌患者中存在常见的驱动基因,且女性EGFR突变率明显高于男性,但无统计学差异。国内张卉等[进行的研究数据显示,EGFR突变与分期无关。而在本研究中,EGFR突变患者病理分期多处于Ⅲ期-Ⅳ期,且病理多为低-中分化。但由于样本量过小,仍需大样本数据证实。EGFR敏感突变的肺腺癌患者,在接受EGFR-TKIs靶向治疗后,OS可延长至30个月。然而,目前EGFR-TKIs药物是否能给肺鳞癌患者带来生存获益仍缺乏有力证据。一项回顾性研究[数据显示,EGFR-TKIs治疗可使肺鳞癌患者生存得到延长,然而这些患者中大部分EGFR基因突变状态不明确。OPTIMAL研究[数据显示,在不明确病理类型的情况下,厄洛替尼可使所有EGFR敏感突变患者的生存得到延长。我们的研究数据显示,与传统化疗相比,EGFR突变的肺鳞癌患者在应用靶向治疗后PFS未能得到明显延长。这可能与样本量较小,且一部分患者并未在一线治疗时选择靶向药物有关。然而,由于靶向药物的安全性好、患者依从性较高,这类药物仍可作为EGFR突变肺鳞癌患者的一个有效治疗选择。本研究结果显示,ALK基因融合的肺鳞癌患者在应用靶向治疗后PFS得到明显延长。然而由于本研究中仅有1例ALK基因融合患者,且目前对于靶向治疗在ALK基因融合肺鳞癌患者中的研究数据较少,尚不能明确靶向药物在ALK基因融合肺鳞癌患者中的治疗地位,仍需进一步的前瞻性研究加以探索。
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