Literature DB >> 27760592

[Driven Gene in Patients with Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma: 
Analysis of Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Prognosis].

Tongtong Zhang1, Junling Li1.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND: It has been proven that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), and KRAS are common driver genes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Molecular targeted therapy increases the overall response rate and progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with EGFR-sensitive mutation or echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion. However, target and targeted drugs for lung squamous cell carcinoma to indicate clinical therapy remain to be confirmed. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the status of driver genes and the clinicopathologic characteristics of NSCLC.
METHODS: A total of 90 patients were recruited and tested for EGFR, ALK and KRAS mutations. The status of EGFR and KRAS was tested by amplification refractory mutation system, and the status of ALK was tested by fluorescence in situ hybridization.
RESULTS: Of the 90 patients, 8 patients had EGFR mutation (8.8%), and 2 cases had KRAS mutation (2.2%). EML4-ALK fusion was found in 1 of 18 patients (5.6%). EGFR mutation occurred more frequently in females than in males (P=0.022). Significant differences were observed in pathological stage (P=0.042) and differentiation grade (P=0.003). No significant difference in PFS was observed between EGFR-TKI treatment and chemotherapy in EGFR mutation patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (P=0.607). Patients with EML4-ALK fusion could benefit from targeted therapy.
CONCLUSIONS: EML4-ALK fusion occurred more frequently than EGFR and KRAS mutations in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma. Clinicopathologic characteristics were different between EGFR mutation and EGFR wild-type patients. The relationship between molecular targeted therapy and status of EGFR or ALK genes in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma needs further investigation.

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Year:  2016        PMID: 27760592      PMCID: PMC5973419          DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2016.10.02

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi        ISSN: 1009-3419


目前,肺癌是引起肿瘤死亡的主要原因[。据统计,新确诊的肺癌患者中,非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)约占85%,其中最常见的两大病理类型为腺癌和鳞癌,分别占50%和30%[。靶向药物上市之前,晚期NSCLC患者的治疗策略为以铂类药物为基础的联合化疗。与最佳支持治疗相比,尽管联合化疗可以延长患者的总生存期(overall survival, OS)[,但其有效率仅为20%左右,中位生存也只有8个月-10个月[。近年来,随着对NSCLC相关基因改变的深入研究,一系列与NSCLC相关的基因已被发现,这些诱发和维持恶性肿瘤发生发展的分子改变被称为驱动基因。这些驱动基因编码的蛋白与细胞的增殖与生存密切相关。驱动基因这一概念认为肿瘤的发生以某一特定基因的表达为基础,诱发和维持肿瘤的发生发展[。 多项临床研究已证实,表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)敏感突变及棘皮动物微管相关类蛋白4-间变淋巴瘤激酶(echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase, EML4-ALK)基因重排的晚期肺腺癌患者,一线治疗选择靶向药物优于化疗,其在总缓解率(overall response rate, ORR)、无进展生存期(progression-free survival, PFS)及生活质量方面均有明显优势[。然而,在肺鳞癌患者中,目前尚无明确的基因检测位点及靶向药物来指导临床治疗[。靶向药物是否同样能给肺鳞癌患者带来巨大的临床获益,目前仍缺乏大规模前瞻性临床研究数据。本研究通过回顾性分析肺鳞癌基因检测患者的临床病理特征,以期为今后的临床治疗提供依据。

资料与方法

资料

筛选中国医学科学院肿瘤医院2011年1月-2014年12月收治的肺鳞癌患者2, 858例,回顾性分析了其中90例已行基因检测的患者,所有患者均经病理组织学免疫组化证实为肺鳞癌。其中男性79例,女性11例。年龄32岁-73岁;按国际肺癌研究协会(International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, IASLC)2009年第7版NSCLC的分期标准,Ⅰ期24例,Ⅱ期19例,Ⅲ期37例,Ⅳ期10例。

基因检测方法

EGFR基因突变应用突变扩增阻滞系统(amplification refractory mutation system, ARMS)的方法,KRAS基因突变也应用ARMS法检测,ALK基因融合应用荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)技术进行检测。

统计学方法

采用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行统计分析,基因突变状态和临床特征分析采用卡方检验和Fisher’s精确检验,生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线。以P>0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

突变检测结果

2, 858例肺鳞癌患者中,90例患者进行了相关驱动基因检测,检测率仅为3.1%。其中所有患者均同时检测了EGFRKRAS基因,8例患者为EGFR基因突变(4例患者突变位点为19号外显子缺失,4例患者突变位点不详),突变率为8.8%;2例患者为KRAS基因突变,突变位点均为12号密码子,突变率为2.2%;18例患者通过FISH方法进行了ALK基因融合检测,1例患者存在EML4-ALK基因融合,阳性率为5.6%(表 1)。
1

EGFR、KRAS和ALK基因突变检测结果

Results of EGFR, KRAS and ALK mutation status

ItemSample numberPercent
EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; ALK: anaplastic lymphoma kinase; EML4-ALK: echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase.
EGFR gene8
  Exon 19 (19del)44.4%
  Unknown44.4%
KRAS gene2
  Codon 222.2%
ALK gene1
  EML4-ALK15.6%
EGFRKRASALK基因突变检测结果 Results of EGFR, KRAS and ALK mutation status

EGFR基因突变与临床特征的关系

女性患者的EGFR基因突变率高于男性(3/11 vs 5/79),差异有统计学意义(P=0.022)。EGFR突变患者低、中分化比率低于EGFR野生型患者(62.5% vs 93.9%, P=0.003),EGFR基因突变患者确诊时多处于Ⅲ期-Ⅳ期(87.5% vs 48.7%, P=0.042)。以胸膜为首发转移部位的EGFR突变患者比率高于EGFR野生型患者(37.5% vs 8.5%, P=0.013)。其他首发转移部位在EGFR突变及野生型患者中的发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05)(表 2)。
2

EGFR基因突变与临床特征的关系(n=90)

EGFR gene mutation and clinical characteristic relationship (n=90)

Clinical characteristicDataEGFR geneP
Mutation (n=8)Wild type (n=82)
TNM: tumor-node-metastasis.
Gender0.022
  Female11 (12.2%)3 (37.5%)8 (9.8%)
  Male79 (87.8%)5 (62.5%)74 (90.2%)
TNM stage0.042
  Ⅰ24 (26.7%)1 (12.5%)23 (28.0%)
  Ⅱ19 (21.1%)0 (0)19 (23.2%)
  Ⅲ37 (41.1%)4 (50.0%)33 (40.2%)
  Ⅳ10 (11.1%)3 (37.5%)7 (8.5%)
Pathological grade0.003
  Low44 (48.9%)2 (25.0%)42 (51.2%)
  Moderate38 (42.2%)3 (37.5%)35 (42.7%)
  High2 (2.2%)0 (0)2 (2.4%)
  Unknown6 (6.7%)3 (37.5%)3 (3.7%)
Metastatic site
  Lung9 (10.0%)2 (25.0%)7 (8.5%)0.138
  Bone7 (7.8%)0 (0)7 (8.5%)0.389
  Brain6 (6.7%)1 (12.5%)5 (6.1%)0.488
  Pleura10 (11.1%)3 (37.5%)7 (8.5%)0.013
  Liver4 (4.4%)0 (0)4 (4.9%)0.523
EGFR基因突变与临床特征的关系(n=90) EGFR gene mutation and clinical characteristic relationship (n=90)

基因突变与靶向治疗疗效

8例EGFR敏感突变的患者中,4例患者应用EGFR-TKIs靶向治疗,4例患者应用化疗。8例EGFR突变患者的中位PFS为5.3个月,应用靶向治疗及化疗对PFS影响无统计学差异,分别为5.3个月和5.4个月(P=0.607)。1例ALK基因融合患者应用克唑替尼靶向治疗,最佳疗效评价为部分缓解(partial response, PR),PFS达到10个月。

讨论

目前,肺鳞癌患者是否需要同肺腺癌患者那样常规进行驱动基因检测仍存在一定争议。美国临床肿瘤学会(American Society of Clinical Oncology, ASCO)认为,所有NSCLC患者均应一线进行EGFR基因检测从而指导后续治疗[。欧洲肿瘤内科学会(European Society for Medical Oncology, ESMO)建议在非鳞癌的NSCLC患者中进行驱动基因检测[。美国国立综合癌症网站(National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCCN)则建议对肺鳞癌,尤其是不吸烟、小活检或存在混合成分的鳞癌患者也应进行EGFR基因检测[。这些争议存在的原因是由于目前没有有力证据证明EGFR-TKIs能给肺鳞癌患者带来明显的临床及生存获益。 对于常见驱动基因(EGFRKRASALK)突变的发生率也仍存在一定争议。一项meta分析[显示,东亚人群中肺鳞癌EGFR的突变率略高于西欧人群,分别为4.6%和3.3%。而KRAS突变及EML4-ALK基因融合在两种族的肺鳞癌患者中却有明显差异,西欧人群的发生率均明显高于东亚人群(6.4% vs 1.8%, 4.5% vs 1.8%)。而国内衣素琴等[在48例肺鳞癌中检测到12例EGFR基因突变,突变率为25%。本研究结果中EGFR突变率为8.9%,介于国外报道及国内报道数据之间。KRAS突变率为2.2%,与国外研究数据相似。而EML4-ALK融合发生率在本研究中可达5.6%,明显高于国外报道,这可能与本研究进行ALK基因融合检测的样本量较少有关。然而,本研究数据证明至少在肺鳞癌患者中存在常见的驱动基因,且女性EGFR突变率明显高于男性,但无统计学差异。国内张卉等[进行的研究数据显示,EGFR突变与分期无关。而在本研究中,EGFR突变患者病理分期多处于Ⅲ期-Ⅳ期,且病理多为低-中分化。但由于样本量过小,仍需大样本数据证实。 EGFR敏感突变的肺腺癌患者,在接受EGFR-TKIs靶向治疗后,OS可延长至30个月。然而,目前EGFR-TKIs药物是否能给肺鳞癌患者带来生存获益仍缺乏有力证据。一项回顾性研究[数据显示,EGFR-TKIs治疗可使肺鳞癌患者生存得到延长,然而这些患者中大部分EGFR基因突变状态不明确。OPTIMAL研究[数据显示,在不明确病理类型的情况下,厄洛替尼可使所有EGFR敏感突变患者的生存得到延长。我们的研究数据显示,与传统化疗相比,EGFR突变的肺鳞癌患者在应用靶向治疗后PFS未能得到明显延长。这可能与样本量较小,且一部分患者并未在一线治疗时选择靶向药物有关。然而,由于靶向药物的安全性好、患者依从性较高,这类药物仍可作为EGFR突变肺鳞癌患者的一个有效治疗选择。 本研究结果显示,ALK基因融合的肺鳞癌患者在应用靶向治疗后PFS得到明显延长。然而由于本研究中仅有1例ALK基因融合患者,且目前对于靶向治疗在ALK基因融合肺鳞癌患者中的研究数据较少,尚不能明确靶向药物在ALK基因融合肺鳞癌患者中的治疗地位,仍需进一步的前瞻性研究加以探索。
  19 in total

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Journal:  Lancet Oncol       Date:  2012-01-26       Impact factor: 41.316

2.  Retrospective study of erlotinib in patients with advanced squamous lung cancer.

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Journal:  Lung Cancer       Date:  2012-03-13       Impact factor: 5.705

3.  Biomarker analyses and final overall survival results from a phase III, randomized, open-label, first-line study of gefitinib versus carboplatin/paclitaxel in clinically selected patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in Asia (IPASS).

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Journal:  J Clin Oncol       Date:  2011-06-13       Impact factor: 44.544

4.  First-SIGNAL: first-line single-agent iressa versus gemcitabine and cisplatin trial in never-smokers with adenocarcinoma of the lung.

Authors:  Ji-Youn Han; Keunchil Park; Sang-We Kim; Dae Ho Lee; Hyae Young Kim; Heung Tae Kim; Myung Ju Ahn; Tak Yun; Jin Seok Ahn; Cheolwon Suh; Jung-Shin Lee; Sung Jin Yoon; Jong Hee Han; Jae Won Lee; Sook Jung Jo; Jin Soo Lee
Journal:  J Clin Oncol       Date:  2012-02-27       Impact factor: 44.544

5.  Gefitinib or chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer with mutated EGFR.

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Journal:  N Engl J Med       Date:  2010-06-24       Impact factor: 91.245

6.  Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

Authors:  Joan H Schiller; David Harrington; Chandra P Belani; Corey Langer; Alan Sandler; James Krook; Junming Zhu; David H Johnson
Journal:  N Engl J Med       Date:  2002-01-10       Impact factor: 91.245

7.  Afatinib versus cisplatin plus gemcitabine for first-line treatment of Asian patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer harbouring EGFR mutations (LUX-Lung 6): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial.

Authors:  Yi-Long Wu; Caicun Zhou; Cheng-Ping Hu; Jifeng Feng; Shun Lu; Yunchao Huang; Wei Li; Mei Hou; Jian Hua Shi; Kye Young Lee; Chong-Rui Xu; Dan Massey; Miyoung Kim; Yang Shi; Sarayut L Geater
Journal:  Lancet Oncol       Date:  2014-01-15       Impact factor: 41.316

8.  Phase III study of afatinib or cisplatin plus pemetrexed in patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutations.

Authors:  Lecia V Sequist; James Chih-Hsin Yang; Nobuyuki Yamamoto; Kenneth O'Byrne; Vera Hirsh; Tony Mok; Sarayut Lucien Geater; Sergey Orlov; Chun-Ming Tsai; Michael Boyer; Wu-Chou Su; Jaafar Bennouna; Terufumi Kato; Vera Gorbunova; Ki Hyeong Lee; Riyaz Shah; Dan Massey; Victoria Zazulina; Mehdi Shahidi; Martin Schuler
Journal:  J Clin Oncol       Date:  2013-07-01       Impact factor: 44.544

9.  Activity and safety of crizotinib in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: updated results from a phase 1 study.

Authors:  D Ross Camidge; Yung-Jue Bang; Eunice L Kwak; A John Iafrate; Marileila Varella-Garcia; Stephen B Fox; Gregory J Riely; Benjamin Solomon; Sai-Hong I Ou; Dong-Wan Kim; Ravi Salgia; Panagiotis Fidias; Jeffrey A Engelman; Leena Gandhi; Pasi A Jänne; Daniel B Costa; Geoffrey I Shapiro; Patricia Lorusso; Katherine Ruffner; Patricia Stephenson; Yiyun Tang; Keith Wilner; Jeffrey W Clark; Alice T Shaw
Journal:  Lancet Oncol       Date:  2012-09-04       Impact factor: 41.316

Review 10.  [Research status on molecular targeted therapy for squamous-cell lung cancer].

Authors:  Yanan Li; Yunzhi Zhou; Hongwu Wang
Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi       Date:  2014-08-20
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1.  Clinicopathological Characteristics And EGFR-TKIs Efficacies In Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients Harboring An EGFR Sensitizing Mutation.

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  1 in total

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