Long-term single-institute experience with trimodal bladder-preserving therapy with proton beam therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVE: We retrospectively elucidated the oncological outcomes, prognostic factors and toxicities of proton beam therapy in trimodal bladder-preserving therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer at our institution.
METHODS: From 1990 to 2015, 70 patients with cT2-3N0M0 muscle-invasive bladder cancer underwent trimodal bladder-preserving therapy consisting of maximal transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, small pelvis photon irradiation, intra-arterial chemotherapy and proton beam therapy. The overall survival rate, progression-free survival rate, time to progression, predictive factors for progression and toxicities were analyzed. Progression was defined as when muscle-invasive recurrence, distant metastasis or upper urinary tract recurrence was observed.
RESULTS: The patients' median age was 65 (range 36-85) years. The median follow-up period was 3.4 (range 0.6-19.5) years. The 5-year cumulative overall survival rate, progression-free survival rate and time to progression rate were 82%, 77%, and 82%, respectively. In univariate and multivariate analyses, tumor multiplicity and tumor size (≥5 cm) were significant and independent factors associated with progression (hazard ratio 3.5, 95% confidence interval 1.1-12; hazard ratio 5.0, 95% confidence interval 1.3-17; P < 0.05 for all). As for toxicity, 26 (18%) patients had grade 3-4 acute hematologic toxicities and 2 (3%) patients had grade 3 late genitourinary toxicity. No patient had to discontinue the treatment due to acute toxicity.
CONCLUSIONS: Our bladder-preserving therapy with proton beam therapy was well tolerated and achieved a favorable mortality rate. Tumor multiplicity and tumor size were important risk factors for progression. Our findings indicate that this therapy can be an effective treatment option for selected muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients.