Elisabeth Schrumpf1, Martin Kummen1, Laura Valestrand2, Thomas U Greiner3, Kristian Holm1, Velmurugesan Arulampalam4, Henrik M Reims5, John Baines6, Fredrik Bäckhed3, Tom H Karlsen2, Richard S Blumberg7, Johannes R Hov2, Espen Melum8. 1. Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway. 2. Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Section of Gastroenterology, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Surgery, and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway. 3. The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. 4. Core Facility for Germfree Research (CFGR), Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 5. Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway. 6. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany; Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany. 7. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 8. Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Section of Gastroenterology, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Surgery, and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: espen.melum@medisin.uio.no.
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS: A strong association between human inflammatory biliary diseases and gut inflammation has led to the hypothesis that gut microbes and lymphocytes activated in the intestine play a role in biliary inflammation. The NOD.c3c4 mouse model develops spontaneous biliary inflammation in extra- and intrahepatic bile ducts. We aimed to clarify the role of the gut microbiota in the biliary disease of NOD.c3c4 mice. METHODS: We sampled cecal content and mucosa from conventionally raised (CONV-R) NOD.c3c4 and NOD control mice, extracted DNA and performed 16S rRNA sequencing. NOD.c3c4 mice were rederived into a germ free (GF) facility and compared with CONV-R NOD.c3c4 mice. NOD.c3c4 mice were also co-housed with NOD mice and received antibiotics from weaning. RESULTS: The gut microbial profiles of mice with and without biliary disease were different both before and after rederivation (unweighted UniFrac-distance). GF NOD.c3c4 mice had less distended extra-hepatic bile ducts than CONV-R NOD.c3c4 mice, while antibiotic treated mice showed reduction of biliary infarcts. GF animals also showed a reduction in liver weight compared with CONV-R NOD.c3c4 mice, and this was also observed in antibiotic treated NOD.c3c4 mice. Co-housing of NOD and NOD.c3c4 mice indicated that the biliary phenotype was neither transmissible nor treatable by co-housing with healthy mice. CONCLUSIONS: NOD.c3c4 and NOD control mice show marked differences in the gut microbiota. GF NOD.c3c4 mice develop a milder biliary affection compared with conventionally raised NOD.c3c4 mice. Our findings suggest that the intestinal microbiota contributes to disease in this murine model of biliary inflammation. LAY SUMMARY: Mice with liver disease have a gut microflora (microbiota) that differs substantially from normal mice. In a normal environment, these mice spontaneously develop disease in their bile ducts. However, when these mice, are raised in an environment devoid of bacteria, the disease in the bile ducts diminishes. Overall this clearly indicates that the bacteria in the gut (the gut microbiota) influences the liver disease in these mice.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: A strong association between human inflammatory biliary diseases and gut inflammation has led to the hypothesis that gut microbes and lymphocytes activated in the intestine play a role in biliary inflammation. The NOD.c3c4 mouse model develops spontaneous biliary inflammation in extra- and intrahepatic bile ducts. We aimed to clarify the role of the gut microbiota in the biliary disease of NOD.c3c4 mice. METHODS: We sampled cecal content and mucosa from conventionally raised (CONV-R) NOD.c3c4 and NOD control mice, extracted DNA and performed 16S rRNA sequencing. NOD.c3c4 mice were rederived into a germ free (GF) facility and compared with CONV-R NOD.c3c4 mice. NOD.c3c4 mice were also co-housed with NODmice and received antibiotics from weaning. RESULTS: The gut microbial profiles of mice with and without biliary disease were different both before and after rederivation (unweighted UniFrac-distance). GFNOD.c3c4 mice had less distended extra-hepatic bile ducts than CONV-R NOD.c3c4 mice, while antibiotic treated mice showed reduction of biliary infarcts. GF animals also showed a reduction in liver weight compared with CONV-R NOD.c3c4 mice, and this was also observed in antibiotic treated NOD.c3c4 mice. Co-housing of NOD and NOD.c3c4 mice indicated that the biliary phenotype was neither transmissible nor treatable by co-housing with healthy mice. CONCLUSIONS:NOD.c3c4 and NOD control mice show marked differences in the gut microbiota. GFNOD.c3c4 mice develop a milder biliary affection compared with conventionally raised NOD.c3c4 mice. Our findings suggest that the intestinal microbiota contributes to disease in this murine model of biliary inflammation. LAY SUMMARY:Mice with liver disease have a gut microflora (microbiota) that differs substantially from normal mice. In a normal environment, these mice spontaneously develop disease in their bile ducts. However, when these mice, are raised in an environment devoid of bacteria, the disease in the bile ducts diminishes. Overall this clearly indicates that the bacteria in the gut (the gut microbiota) influences the liver disease in these mice.
Authors: T Z DeSantis; P Hugenholtz; N Larsen; M Rojas; E L Brodie; K Keller; T Huber; D Dalevi; P Hu; G L Andersen Journal: Appl Environ Microbiol Date: 2006-07 Impact factor: 4.792
Authors: Magdalena Mazagova; Lirui Wang; Andrew T Anfora; Max Wissmueller; Scott A Lesley; Yukiko Miyamoto; Lars Eckmann; Suraj Dhungana; Wimal Pathmasiri; Susan Sumner; Caroline Westwater; David A Brenner; Bernd Schnabl Journal: FASEB J Date: 2014-12-02 Impact factor: 5.191
Authors: Malte Christoph Rühlemann; Femke-Anouska Heinsen; Roman Zenouzi; Wolfgang Lieb; Andre Franke; Christoph Schramm Journal: Gut Date: 2016-05-23 Impact factor: 23.059
Authors: Joshua M Uronis; Janelle C Arthur; Temitope Keku; Anthony Fodor; Ian M Carroll; Myrella L Cruz; Caroline B Appleyard; Christian Jobin Journal: Inflamm Bowel Dis Date: 2011-01 Impact factor: 5.325
Authors: Syuichi Koarada; Yuehong Wu; Noreen Fertig; David A Sass; Michael Nalesnik; John A Todd; Paul A Lyons; Judith Fenyk-Melody; Daniel B Rainbow; Linda S Wicker; Laurence B Peterson; William M Ridgway Journal: J Immunol Date: 2004-08-15 Impact factor: 5.422
Authors: Palak J Trivedi; Chris J Weston; Gwilym J Webb; Philip N Newsome; Gideon M Hirschfield; David H Adams Journal: Hepatology Date: 2015-06-26 Impact factor: 17.425
Authors: Jorge Henao-Mejia; Eran Elinav; Chengcheng Jin; Liming Hao; Wajahat Z Mehal; Till Strowig; Christoph A Thaiss; Andrew L Kau; Stephanie C Eisenbarth; Michael J Jurczak; Joao-Paulo Camporez; Gerald I Shulman; Jeffrey I Gordon; Hal M Hoffman; Richard A Flavell Journal: Nature Date: 2012-02-01 Impact factor: 49.962
Authors: Li Wen; Ruth E Ley; Pavel Yu Volchkov; Peter B Stranges; Lia Avanesyan; Austin C Stonebraker; Changyun Hu; F Susan Wong; Gregory L Szot; Jeffrey A Bluestone; Jeffrey I Gordon; Alexander V Chervonsky Journal: Nature Date: 2008-09-21 Impact factor: 49.962
Authors: Manoj Kumar; Parul Singh; Selvasankar Murugesan; Marie Vetizou; John McCulloch; Jonathan H Badger; Giorgio Trinchieri; Souhaila Al Khodor Journal: Methods Mol Biol Date: 2020
Authors: Martin Kummen; Louise B Thingholm; Malte C Rühlemann; Kristian Holm; Simen H Hansen; Lucas Moitinho-Silva; Timur Liwinski; Roman Zenouzi; Christopher Storm-Larsen; Øyvind Midttun; Adrian McCann; Per M Ueland; Marte L Høivik; Mette Vesterhus; Marius Trøseid; Matthias Laudes; Wolfgang Lieb; Tom H Karlsen; Corinna Bang; Christoph Schramm; Andre Franke; Johannes R Hov Journal: Gastroenterology Date: 2020-12-31 Impact factor: 22.682