Quantification of microbial uptake of quercetin and its derivatives using an UHPLC-ESI-QTOF mass spectrometry assay.

A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based method for the quantification of intracellular concentrations of dietary phenolics in bacteria was developed. Using this assay, the time-dependent uptake of quercetin and two of its glycosides into gut microbiota model organisms (Escherichia coli and Bifidobacterium bifidum) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was studied. For the first time, quantitative data on the uptake of dietary phenols were obtained indicating a time-dependent differential uptake of the dietary compounds. The shape of the uptake curve and the comparative use of bacterial mutants lacking porins OmpFC or the multi-drug efflux pump AcrAB, respectively, along with the identification and quantification of selected bacterial metabolites provided a mechanistic insight into the uptake process.