B J Gray1, J W Stephens2, S P Williams3, C A Davies3, D Turner4, R M Bracken2,5. 1. Policy, Research and International Development, Public Health Wales, Cardiff CF10 4BZ, UK, Benjamin.Gray@wales.nhs.uk. 2. Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK. 3. TATA Steel Packaging Recycling, Trostre, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire SA14 9SD, UK. 4. Red Bull North America, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA. 5. Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University (Bay Campus), Swansea SA1 8EN, UK.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The workplace has been advocated as a setting to perform cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessments. These risk assessments usually focus on traditional risk factors rather than cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) despite established associations between CRF and CVD. The lack of guidance on interpreting health-related CRF values has been suggested as a barrier to utilizing CRF in practice. AIMS: To assess the merits of CRF testing in the workplace and explore whether a CRF value identified male individuals above the recommended threshold for further clinical investigation. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of male steelworkers from Carmarthenshire, South Wales, UK who completed a workplace-based CVD risk assessment with an added CRF protocol based on heart rate responses (Chester Step Test). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was undertaken to explore the possibility of a CRF value to identify individuals at an increased 10-year risk of CVD (QRISK2 ≥ 10%). RESULTS: There were 81 participants. ROC analysis revealed that a CRF level of 34.5ml/kg/min identified those individuals above the ≥10% QRISK2 threshold with the best sensitivity (0.800) and specificity (0.687) to discriminate against true- and false-positive rates. Further analysis revealed that individuals with either 'Average' or 'Below Average' CRF would be five times more likely to have a 10-year CVD risk above the ≥10% QRISK2 threshold than individuals with an 'Excellent' or 'Good' level of fitness [OR 5.10 (95% CI 1.60-16.3)]. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests CRF assessments are a useful addition to a workplace CVD assessment and could identify male individuals at increased predicted risk of the condition.
BACKGROUND: The workplace has been advocated as a setting to perform cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessments. These risk assessments usually focus on traditional risk factors rather than cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) despite established associations between CRF and CVD. The lack of guidance on interpreting health-related CRF values has been suggested as a barrier to utilizing CRF in practice. AIMS: To assess the merits of CRF testing in the workplace and explore whether a CRF value identified male individuals above the recommended threshold for further clinical investigation. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of male steelworkers from Carmarthenshire, South Wales, UK who completed a workplace-based CVD risk assessment with an added CRF protocol based on heart rate responses (Chester Step Test). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was undertaken to explore the possibility of a CRF value to identify individuals at an increased 10-year risk of CVD (QRISK2 ≥ 10%). RESULTS: There were 81 participants. ROC analysis revealed that a CRF level of 34.5ml/kg/min identified those individuals above the ≥10% QRISK2 threshold with the best sensitivity (0.800) and specificity (0.687) to discriminate against true- and false-positive rates. Further analysis revealed that individuals with either 'Average' or 'Below Average' CRF would be five times more likely to have a 10-year CVD risk above the ≥10% QRISK2 threshold than individuals with an 'Excellent' or 'Good' level of fitness [OR 5.10 (95% CI 1.60-16.3)]. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests CRF assessments are a useful addition to a workplace CVD assessment and could identify male individuals at increased predicted risk of the condition.