María I Tomás-Rodríguez1, Antonio Palazón-Bru2, Damian R J Martínez-St John3, Felipe Navarro-Cremades3, José V Toledo-Marhuenda1, Vicente F Gil-Guillén4. 1. Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain. 2. Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Research Unit, Elda General University Hospital, Elda, Alicante, Spain. Electronic address: antonio.pb23@gmail.com. 3. Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain. 4. Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Research Unit, Elda General University Hospital, Elda, Alicante, Spain.
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE: In the literature about primary dysmenorrhea (PD), either a pain gradient has been studied just in women with PD or pain was assessed as a binary variable (presence or absence). Accordingly, we decided to carry out a study in young women to determine possible factors associated with intense pain. DESIGN: A cross-sectional observational study. SETTING: A Spanish University in 2016. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 306 women, aged 18-30 years. INTERVENTIONS: A questionnaire was filled in by the participants to assess associated factors with dysmenorrhoea. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Our outcome measure was the Andersch and Milsom scale (grade from 0 to 3). DEFINITION: grade 0 (menstruation is not painful and daily activity is unaffected), grade 1 (menstruation is painful but seldom inhibits normal activity, analgesics are seldom required, and mild pain), grade 2 (daily activity affected, analgesics required and give relief so that absence from work or school is unusual, and moderate pain), and grade 3 (activity clearly inhibited, poor effect of analgesics, vegetative symptoms and severe pain). RESULTS: Factors significantly associated with more extreme pain: a higher menstrual flow (odds ratio [OR], 2.11; P < .001), a worse quality of life (OR, 0.97; P < .001) and use of medication for PD (OR, 8.22; P < .001). CONCLUSION: We determined factors associated with extreme pain in PD in a novel way. Further studies are required to corroborate our results.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: In the literature about primary dysmenorrhea (PD), either a pain gradient has been studied just in women with PD or pain was assessed as a binary variable (presence or absence). Accordingly, we decided to carry out a study in young women to determine possible factors associated with intense pain. DESIGN: A cross-sectional observational study. SETTING: A Spanish University in 2016. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 306 women, aged 18-30 years. INTERVENTIONS: A questionnaire was filled in by the participants to assess associated factors with dysmenorrhoea. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Our outcome measure was the Andersch and Milsom scale (grade from 0 to 3). DEFINITION: grade 0 (menstruation is not painful and daily activity is unaffected), grade 1 (menstruation is painful but seldom inhibits normal activity, analgesics are seldom required, and mild pain), grade 2 (daily activity affected, analgesics required and give relief so that absence from work or school is unusual, and moderate pain), and grade 3 (activity clearly inhibited, poor effect of analgesics, vegetative symptoms and severe pain). RESULTS: Factors significantly associated with more extreme pain: a higher menstrual flow (odds ratio [OR], 2.11; P < .001), a worse quality of life (OR, 0.97; P < .001) and use of medication for PD (OR, 8.22; P < .001). CONCLUSION: We determined factors associated with extreme pain in PD in a novel way. Further studies are required to corroborate our results.
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