Nociceptive neurons in rat superior colliculus: response properties, topography, and functional implications.

1. Extracellular recordings were made from single superior colliculus neurons in urethane-anesthetized rats in response to mechanical and/or thermal stimulation of the skin. In addition to those activated by low-threshold (LT) tactile stimuli, many neurons responded preferentially, or solely, to noxious stimuli. Two functionally defined subtypes of nociceptive neurons were distinguished: wide-dynamic-range (WDR) neurons, which responded optimally to noxious stimuli but also to innocuous stimuli; and nociceptive-specific (NS) neurons, which responded solely to frankly noxious stimuli. The thermal thresholds were 42-45 degrees C, and the stimulus-response relationships were positively accelerating power functions with exponents of 2.9 (WDR) and 3.1 (NS). 2. WDR neurons also responded to cooling of the skin to temperatures below 24 degrees C. Like noxious heat responses, cold responses were monotonically graded as the intensity of the cold stimulus was increased. Thus the temperature sensitivity of thermal-sensitive neurons in the superior colliculus appeared to be tuned to detect large deviations from ambient skin temperature in either direction once threshold is reached. 3. LT neurons were somatotopically organized, with the head and forelimbs rostral and the trunk and hindlimbs caudal. The limbs were generally represented further lateral in the structure, whereas more proximal body parts were more medial. Nevertheless, there was extensive overlap of body parts especially in areas of transition. Thus, a "block-to-block" or "area-to-area" rather than a "point-to-point" representation of the body surface was evident. 4. The nociceptive representation did not violate the general LT somatotopy but neither was it coextensive. Virtually all nociceptive neurons had trigeminal receptive fields and were thus heavily represented in the rostral superior colliculus, where the LT face representation was also located. No nociceptive neurons were present in the caudal one-third of the structure. A general dorsal-to-ventral segregation of somatosensory neurons also was noted, so that in a given electrode penetration, LT neurons usually were the most superficial, WDR neurons were just below these, and NS neurons were deepest of all. 5. The presence of overlapping LT and nociceptive trigeminal representations in the superior colliculus seems particularly adaptive in view of the fact that rodents use their vibrissae for exploring their environment and thus put rostral body parts at risk during such behaviors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)