Transcriptomic profiles of the upper olfactory rosette in cultured and wild Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) males.

The aims of this study were the characterization of the upper olfactory epithelium of cultured and wild Senegalese sole mature males at histological and transcriptomic (using RNA-Seq) level. No significant differences in tissue structure, cell types and cellular distribution pattern (olfactory sensory neurons) were identified between cultured and wild specimens. Deep transcriptomic analysis showed 2387 transcripts were differentially expressed between cultured and wild groups. A detailed analysis identified the differentially expressed transcripts included some olfactory receptors (OR, TAAR and V2R-like) and transcripts related with the control of reproduction such as the brain aromatase cytochrome P450 and tachykinin-3. Also a wide set of genes related with lipid sensing, metabolism and transport were differentially expressed and these transcripts were often down-regulated in cultured fish. Furthermore, cultured males presented a higher expression of genes related with goblet cells and mucin production that modulates innate and adaptive immune responses. All these changes in gene expression could be explained by different nutritional status and diet preference. The different expression of transcripts related to olfaction, reproduction, nutrient sensing and immune system demonstrate distinct differences in functionalities between cultured and wild soles providing new clues about the sexual dysfunction in this species.