A review of PCSK9 inhibition and its effects beyond LDL receptors.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plays an integral role in the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDL-R), making it an intriguing target for emerging pharmacotherapy. Two PCSK9 inhibitors, alirocumab and evolocumab, have been approved and are available in the United States and European Union. However, much of the PCSK9 story remains to be told. The pipeline for additional pharmacotherapy options is rich with several compounds under development, using alternative strategies for inhibiting PCSK9. Perhaps, more intriguing is the interaction between PCSK9 and non-LDL-R targets, including mediators of inflammation and immunological processes, which remain under intense investigation. This review will discuss the currently available PCSK9 inhibitors, the development of novel approaches to PCSK9 modulation, and the potential non-LDL-R-mediated effects of PCSK9 inhibition.