Lillian M Zwemer1, Sarah L Nolin2, Patricia M Okamoto3, Marcia Eisenberg4, Heather C Wick5, Diana W Bianchi1. 1. Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. 2. New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA. 3. Integrated Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America® Holdings, Westborough, MA, USA. 4. Laboratory Corporation of America® Holdings, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. 5. Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that FMR1 expansions would result in global gene dysregulation as early as the second trimester of human fetal development. METHOD: Using cell-free fetal RNA obtained from amniotic fluid supernatant and expression microarrays, we compared RNA levels in samples from fetuses with premutation or full mutation allele expansions with control samples. RESULTS: We found clear signals of differential gene expression relating to a variety of cellular functions, including ubiquitination, mitochondrial function, and neuronal/synaptic architecture. Additionally, among the genes showing differential gene expression, we saw links to related diseases of intellectual disability and motor function. Finally, within the unique molecular phenotypes established for each mutation set, we saw clear signatures of mitochondrial dysfunction and disrupted neurological function. Patterns of differential gene expression were very different in male and female fetuses with premutation alleles. CONCLUSION: These results support a model for which genetic misregulation during fetal development may set the stage for late clinical manifestations of FMR1-related disorders.
OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that FMR1 expansions would result in global gene dysregulation as early as the second trimester of human fetal development. METHOD: Using cell-free fetal RNA obtained from amniotic fluid supernatant and expression microarrays, we compared RNA levels in samples from fetuses with premutation or full mutation allele expansions with control samples. RESULTS: We found clear signals of differential gene expression relating to a variety of cellular functions, including ubiquitination, mitochondrial function, and neuronal/synaptic architecture. Additionally, among the genes showing differential gene expression, we saw links to related diseases of intellectual disability and motor function. Finally, within the unique molecular phenotypes established for each mutation set, we saw clear signatures of mitochondrial dysfunction and disrupted neurological function. Patterns of differential gene expression were very different in male and female fetuses with premutation alleles. CONCLUSION: These results support a model for which genetic misregulation during fetal development may set the stage for late clinical manifestations of FMR1-related disorders.
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