Mitral valve-in-valve and valve-in-ring: technical aspects and procedural outcomes.

There is a growing practice of transcatheter treatment of failed mitral valves after cardiac surgery, including valve-in-valve and valve-in-ring. Although commonly successful, these procedures can be associated with device malposition (including delayed malposition) and elevated post-procedural gradients (especially when performed inside small surgical valves). Valve-in-ring procedures have elevated risks of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and post-procedural regurgitation. Careful patient selection and meticulous evaluation of patient anatomy and surgical implant characteristics are essential to achieve optimal clinical results with mitral valve-in-valve and valve-in-ring implantation.