Late degeneration of transcatheter aortic valves: pathogenesis and management.

There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating the durability of current transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) devices up to 5 years. However, it is well known that transcatheter aortic valves can degenerate in a manner similar to surgical bioprostheses. In this review we briefly discuss the modes of failure of trans-catheter aortic valves and their potential management.