Clostridia: a flexible microbial platform for the production of alcohols.

Solventogenic clostridia are native producers of ethanol and many higher alcohols employing a broad range of cheap renewable substrates, such as lignocellulosic materials and C1 gases (CO and CO2). These characteristics enable solventogenic clostridia to act as flexible microbial platforms for the production of liquid biofuels. With the rapid development of genetic tools in recent years, the intrinsic intractability of clostridia has been largely overcome, thus, engineering clostridia for production of chemicals and fuels has attracted increasing interests. Here, we provide an overview of recent progress in the production of alcohols based on solventogenic clostridia. Saccharolytic, cellulolytic and gas-fermenting clostridia are discussed, with a special focus on strategies for metabolic engineering to enable and to improve clostridia for the production of higher alcohols.