Complete Genome Sequence of a GII.17 Norovirus Isolated from a Rhesus Monkey in China.

The previously silent GII.17 norovirus was found to be the predominant genotype causing major epidemics in China in the 2014-2015 winter epidemic season. We report here the complete genomic sequence of a GII.17 norovirus (mky/GII.17/KM1509/CHN/2015) that infected rhesus monkeys at a monkey farm in southwestern China.

GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT

Noroviruses (NoVs), members of the Norovirus genus within the family Caliciviridae (1), cause epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in humans (2), leading to significant morbidity and mortality (3, 4). NoV contains a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome that is about 7.6 kb in length with a poly(A) tail at the 3′ terminus. The genome consists of three open reading frames (ORFs) encoding two structural and six or seven nonstructural proteins (5). The Norovirus genus is composed of six genogroups (GI to GVI), among which all GI, most GII, and a few GIV NoVs infect humans (6); but these human NoVs (huNoVs) are also detected in animals in some cases (7, 8). Based on the sequence of the major structural protein VP1, each genogroup of NoVs contains a few to 22 genotypes (9).

The NoVs that have been predominantly recognized as causing major epidemic AGE in humans worldwide for the past two decades are those belonging to genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4) (10). However, a previously silent GII.17 genotype was found to be the predominant strain causing major AGE epidemics in China and some Southeastern Asian countries during the 2014–2015 winter epidemic season (11–13). Increased epidemics caused by this newly emerged GII.17 variant have also been seen in other countries worldwide recently, including in the United States (14, 15).

We report here our detection and genome sequencing of a GII.17 NoV from the fecal sample of a rhesus monkey collected from the general population of a monkey farm in southwestern China, 2015 (Z. He, B. Liu, Y. Tao, C. Li, M. Xia, W. Zhong, X. Jiang, M. Tan, H. Liu, submitted for publication). This GII.17 NoV is named mky/GII.17/KM1509/CHN/2015 and is abbreviated as KM1509.

KM1509 was first detected from fecal samples of monkeys by employing the OneStep RT-PCR kit (Qiagen) using the primer pair P289/P290 that was designed to detect caliciviruses. A PCR fragment with 310 bp was obtained and confirmed to be a GII.17 NoV genome fragment by sequencing, followed by BLAST research. A new forward primer was designed based on the obtained sequence, and we were able to amplify a 3.1-kb fragment covering the end of ORF 1, the full lengths of ORF2 and ORF3, as well as the poly(A) tail of the NoV genome, when the oligo T primer was used. The remaining 5′ half of the genome was also obtained using the primers described in a previous study for amplification of the whole genomes of huNoVs (16). The complete sequence of the whole genome was de novo assembled via SerialCloner 2-6-1. The mky/GII.17/KM1509/CHN/2015 genome is 7,556 nucleotides in length and consists of three expected ORFs. Pairwise comparisons of nucleotide sequences between the monkey GII.17 NoV (KM1509) and the other 11 human GII.17 NoVs (KC597139, KT380915, KT253245, KR083017, KP998539, LC037415, AB983218, LC043168, KU561251, KU561256, and KT970377) indicated that the sequence distance is only 76.9% with indels between KM1509 and the GII.17 NoV isolated in 1978, while sequence distances from 97.2% to 99.2% were seen between KM1509 and the other 10 GII.17 NoVs. Further analysis of specific domains in this genome will be helpful for exploring the origin and evolution of KM1509.

Accession number(s).

The nucleotide sequence for mky/GII.17/KM1509/CHN/2015 has been deposited in GenBank under the accession number KX356908.