Progressive Bilateral Facial Palsy as a Manifestation of Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis: A Case Report.

Bilateral facial palsy, which is usually combined with other diseases, occurs infrequently. It may imply a life-threatening condition. Therefore, the differential diagnosis of bilateral facial palsy is important. However, the etiology is variable, which makes diagnosis challenging. We report a rare case of progressive bilateral facial palsy as a manifestation of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). A 40-year-old male with otitis media and right facial palsy was referred for electroneurography (ENoG), which showed a 7.7% ENoG. Left facial palsy occurred after 2 weeks, and multiple cavitary opacities were noted on chest images. GPA was diagnosed by lung biopsy. His symptoms deteriorated and mononeuropathy multiplex developed. The possibility of systemic disease, such as GPA, should be considered in patients presenting with bilateral facial palsy, the differential diagnosis of which is summarized in this report.

INTRODUCTION

Facial palsy is associated with heterogeneous etiologies, including infectious, traumatic, neoplastic, neurologic and systemic causes. Unilateral facial palsy is a common disease, the cause of which is idiopathic, but bilateral facial palsy is a rare clinical manifestation [1]. It is important to identify the cause of bilateral facial palsy, but atypical clinical manifestations make the diagnosis difficult. We describe a case of a 40-year-old male with sequential bilateral facial palsy as a manifestation of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA).

CASE REPORT

A 40-year male was referred to the Department of Otolaryngology from a private clinic for surgical treatment of otitis media. He had no prior illness other than bilateral otorrhea in recent months. Although he had received antibiotics for persistent otorrhea, right peripheral facial palsy of House-Brackmann grading scale (HBGS) IV developed. On admission, bilateral chronic otitis media was observed by otoscopy (Fig. 1), and a pure-tone audiogram showed bilateral mixed hearing loss (Fig. 2). Bilateral otomastoiditis and sinusitis were found (Fig. 3), but no other lesions were detected by temporal and brain computed tomography scan (CT). Electrodiagnostic findings showed that electroneurography (ENoG) in the nasalis muscle was 7.7% (Table 1), right supraorbital nerve stimulation provoked a contralateral R2 response, but not an ipsilateral R1, R2 response, and left supraorbital nerve stimulation did not evoke a contralateral R2 response in blink reflex and abnormal spontaneous activities at rest the in right facial muscles. Also, there was no motor unit action potential (MUAP) in the right frontalis muscle and single to discrete MUAP in other facial muscles, which predicted a poor prognosis. He was maintained on antibiotic treatment, underwent right mastoidectomy, tympanoplasty, and facial nerve decompression and was discharged without complications.

Fig. 1

Otoscopy showed purulent otorrhea and granulation in the right external auditory canal (A), invisible tympanic membrane in the right ear (A), and granulation in the left external auditory canal (B).

Fig. 2

Pure-tone audiogram showed bilateral mixed type hearing loss with a 45 dB right air-bone gap and 31.25 dB left air-bone gap. Red line indicates right ear conduction and blue line left ear conduction.

Fig. 3

Temporal bone computed tomography displays otomastoiditis with filling of the mastoid air cells (arrow head) in both middle ear cavities. Sinusitis (arrow) is evident in the bilateral maxillary and left ethmoid air cells.

Table 1

Electrodiagnostic tests of facial nerves

However, 1 week later, he was readmitted because of dizziness. The day after re-admission, left facial palsy with HBGS III developed and the recovery of right facial palsy with HBGS IV was not noticed. At this time, temporal bone CT revealed little interval change since the surgery performed during his first admission. Electrodiagnostic findings (Table 1) showed a decreased amplitude of the compound action potential of both facial muscles, no R1 and R2 response in both blink reflexes, abnormal spontaneous activities at rest in all bilateral facial muscles, no MUAP in bilateral frontalis muscles and single to discrete MUAP in other facial muscles. Chest X-ray revealed patchy opacities of both lung fields and chest CT revealed multiple cavitary opacities with large nodules and small consolidations, which suggested the possibility of tuberculosis, GPA, or metastasis (Fig. 4). A diagnostic workup (Table 2) for lung lesions included bronchoscopy, urinalysis, tuberculin test, and autoimmune markers such as anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), rheumatoid factor, anti-nuclear antibodies (Ab), complement 3 and 4, immunoglobulin G, A, and M, anti SS-A/Ro Ab, anti SS-B/La Ab, anti-myeloperoxidase Ab, and anti-proteinase-3 Ab. Anti-proteinase-3 Ab was positive but all other laboratory results, including those of urinalysis, were negative.

Fig. 4

Imaging study of chest on second admission. (A) Chest X-ray shows patchy opacities (arrow head). (B) Chest computed tomography shows multiple cavitary opacities (arrow) and CT findings are suggestive of active tuberculosis, metastasis, or granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Table 2

Laboratory results

PCR, polymerase chain reaction; ANCA, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; Ig, immunoglobulin; Ab, antibody; MPO, myeloperoxidase; PR3, proteinase-3; HPF, high-power field; WBC, white blood cell; RBC, red blood cell.

Right middle lung wedge resection was performed for lung biopsy, which showed chronic granulomatous inflammation and necrotizing vasculitis in small-to-medium-sized vessels (Fig. 5). Although the laboratory evidence was not sufficient to support a diagnosis of GPA, the histopathologic findings indicated GPA. The patient was treated with steroid and cyclophosphamide. At round the same time, hematuria occurred and parenchymal kidney disease was observed in urinary tract CT. Bilateral uveitis and ulcerative keratitis were detected on slit-lamp examination (Fig. 6) and his visual acuity was 0.63 in the right eye and 1.0 in the left eye at that time.

Fig. 5

Histopathological finding of a lung specimen reveals chronic granulomatous inflammation (arrow) and necrotizing vasculitis (H&E stain, ×250).

Fig. 6

Bilateral uveitis and ulcerative keratitis were observed upon slit-lamp examination (A, right eye; B, left eye).

His tingling sense and weakness of all extremities developed at 1 year after symptom onset and a third electrodiagnostic study revealed mononeuropathy multiplex (Table 3). At 18 months after symptom onset, the patient was hospitalized with dyspnea. He was diagnosed with Pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus pneumonia and nasal septal perforation. His vision worsened and visual acuities were hand motion of the right eye and 0.16 of the left eye since symptom onset. His condition is worsening despite continuous treatment. The clinical course of the patient is summarized in Table 4.

Table 3

Electrodiagnostic tests of the upper and lower extremities

CV, conduction velocity; APB, abductor pollicis brevis muscle; ADM, abductor digiti minimi muscle; EDB, extensor digitorum brevis muscle; TA, tibialis anterior muscle; AH, abductor halluces muscle; NR, no response; NE, not evoked.

a)Latencies in onset latency on motor nerve conduction, in peak latency on sensory nerve conduction and minimum latency on F-wave study are measured, b)amplitudes on motor nerve conduction are measured in millivolts (mV) and in microvolts (µV) on sensory nerve conduction.

Table 4

Timeline of clinical course since the first facial palsy

Sx, symptom; Lab, laboratory; EDX, electrodiagnostic study; CT, computed tomography; ANCA, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; Ab, antibodies; MPO, myeloperoxidase; PR3, proteinase-3; Rt., right; Lt., left.

DISCUSSION

Unilateral facial palsy has an incidence of about 25 per 100,000 population and is mostly idiopathic [2]. Bell's palsy is the most common cause of unilateral idiopathic facial palsy, accounting for approximately 70% of cases [2].

Bilateral facial nerve palsy is more unusual than unilateral facial palsy [3]. May and Klein [4] reported that bilateral facial palsy occurs in only 2% of patients with facial palsy. When bilateral peripheral facial palsy occurs simultaneously or subsequently, a diagnostic workup is necessary because most of causes are systemic disease, and some are life-threatening. The diagnostic modalities of bilateral peripheral facial palsy are listed in Table 5 [13]. Therefore, the top priority in the evaluation of bilateral facial palsy is to rule out life-threatening condition. If it is suspected, the patient should be hospitalized for close observation and diagnostic workup, including neurologic examination. CT and MRI are useful for identifying central nervous system lesions, skull fractures, and tumor lesions. The workup should include a complete blood cell count, antibody tests, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and urinalysis.

Table 5

Causes of bilateral peripheral facial palsy [13910]

Of post-infectious causes, the most common cause of bilateral facial palsy is Lyme disease [3], which is responsible for 36% of cases of bilateral facial palsy. It is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States and Europe, but rare in Korea [5]. The second most common cause of bilateral facial palsy is Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), including Miller-Fisher syndrome. Bilateral facial palsy can be seen in about 5% of patients with GBS and in around half of fatal cases [2].

GPA is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by necrotizing granulomas and vasculitis in multiple organs. The prevalence of GPA is around 3 per 100,000 population [6]. It usually presents with head, neck, pulmonary, and renal manifestations [7]. Nasal and paranasal sinus disorder is observed in 90% of the cases and are the most common primary manifestations. Pulmonary infiltrates or nodules are the second most common manifestation. Ear disorders can be seen in 20%–61% of patients, but are rarely the first and only manifestation [8]. Nervous system involvement is also rare at the initial stage, but mononeuropathy multiplex can develop in 15% of patients and facial palsy in 5% [7]. Bilateral facial palsy is an unusual manifestation, and its precise incidence is unclear. Few patients experience bilateral facial palsy; approximately 15 cases have been reported globally, and only 2 in Korea.

Bilateral facial palsy is rare as an initial manifestation of GPA; nevertheless, we discuss below several pitfalls of the diagnostic process experienced in this case. Bilateral facial palsies are caused by systemic diseases other than trauma. We did not approach the symptoms without considering the possibility of systemic disease. In this case, mononeuropathy multiplex was revealed by the third electrodiagnostic test (Table 3). Although electrodiagnostic testing is not critical for confirming GPA in the proposed diagnostic criteria of the American College of Rheumatology, we would be able to provide the referring physician with information to assist diagnosis of systemic disease by performing additional conduction studies in extremities. We suggest that electromyographer should perform additional conduction studies of the extremities for evaluation of bilateral facial palsy.

Imaging and laboratory findings should be reviewed prior to electrodiagnostic testing. In this case, patchy opacities at the periphery of the bilateral middle lung fields were indicated on chest X-ray at the time of the first admission; however, these were overlooked (Fig. 4). Consideration of both the abnormal chest radiograph along with bilateral facial palsy would have contributed to early diagnosis which may contribute to symptoms relief.

The diagnosis was confirmed by lung biopsy. The time required to perform a biopsy of the lung delayed confirmation of the diagnosis. The patient's condition has worsened despite receiving continuous treatment. Therefore, differential diagnosis of bilateral facial palsy and appropriate, timely treatment are critical to prevent progression. The possibility of systemic disease, such as GPA, should not be overlooked during evaluation of patients presenting with symptoms of bilateral or recurrent facial palsy.