Fatemeh Ahmadi-Motamayel1, Parisa Falsafi2, Mohammad T Goodarzi3, Jalal Poorolajal4. 1. Dental Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 2. Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 3. Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 4. Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran;
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Saliva contains alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-a key intracellular enzyme related to destructive processes and cellular damage-and has buffering capacity (BC) against acids due to the presence of bicarbonate and phosphate ions. Smoking may have deleterious effects on the oral environment due to pH changes which can affect ALP activity. This study aimed to evaluate the salivary pH, BC and ALP activity of male smokers and healthy non-smokers. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study took place between August 2012 and December 2013. A total of 251 healthy male non-smokers and 259 male smokers from Hamadan, Iran, were selected. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from each participant and pH and BC were determined using a pH meter. Salivary enzymes were measured by spectrophotometric assay. RESULTS: Mean salivary pH (7.42 ± 0.48 and 7.52 ± 0.43, respectively; P = 0.018) and BC (3.41 ± 0.54 and 4.17 ± 0.71; P = 0.001) was significantly lower in smokers compared to non-smokers. Mean ALP levels were 49.58 ± 23.33 IU/L among smokers and 55.11 ± 27.85 IU/L among non-smokers (P = 0.015). CONCLUSION: Significantly lower pH, BC and ALP levels were observed among smokers in comparison to a healthy control group. These salivary alterations could potentially be utilised as biochemical markers for the evaluation of oral tissue function and side-effects among smokers. Further longitudinal studies are recommended to evaluate the effects of smoking on salivary components.
OBJECTIVES: Saliva contains alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-a key intracellular enzyme related to destructive processes and cellular damage-and has buffering capacity (BC) against acids due to the presence of bicarbonate and phosphate ions. Smoking may have deleterious effects on the oral environment due to pH changes which can affect ALP activity. This study aimed to evaluate the salivary pH, BC and ALP activity of male smokers and healthy non-smokers. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study took place between August 2012 and December 2013. A total of 251 healthy male non-smokers and 259 male smokers from Hamadan, Iran, were selected. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from each participant and pH and BC were determined using a pH meter. Salivary enzymes were measured by spectrophotometric assay. RESULTS: Mean salivary pH (7.42 ± 0.48 and 7.52 ± 0.43, respectively; P = 0.018) and BC (3.41 ± 0.54 and 4.17 ± 0.71; P = 0.001) was significantly lower in smokers compared to non-smokers. Mean ALP levels were 49.58 ± 23.33 IU/L among smokers and 55.11 ± 27.85 IU/L among non-smokers (P = 0.015). CONCLUSION: Significantly lower pH, BC and ALP levels were observed among smokers in comparison to a healthy control group. These salivary alterations could potentially be utilised as biochemical markers for the evaluation of oral tissue function and side-effects among smokers. Further longitudinal studies are recommended to evaluate the effects of smoking on salivary components.
Authors: Richard Pink; Jiri Simek; Jana Vondrakova; Edgar Faber; Petr Michl; Jindrich Pazdera; Karel Indrak Journal: Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub Date: 2009-06 Impact factor: 1.245
Authors: Antonio Cutando; Antonio López-Valverde; Rafel Gómez-de-Diego; Salvador Arias-Santiago; Joaquín de Vicente-Jiménez Journal: Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal Date: 2013-07-01
Authors: Mohammed S Al-Ak'hali; Esam S Halboub; Osama H Mujam; Noor M Alahmar; Salehah A Jerah; Fahad A Mutawwam Journal: Saudi Med J Date: 2017-12 Impact factor: 1.484