Mini E Jacob1,2,3, Laura M Yee4, Paula H Diehr4,5, Alice M Arnold4, Stephen M Thielke6,7, Paulo H M Chaves8, Liana Del Gobbo9, Calvin Hirsch10, David Siscovick11, Anne B Newman12. 1. Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. 2. Health and Disability Research Institute, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts. 3. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 4. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 5. Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 6. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 7. Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Seattle Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, Washington. 8. Benjamin Leon Center for Geriatric Research and Education, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida. 9. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Palo, Alto. 10. Division of General Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California. 11. New York Academy of Medicine, New York, New York. 12. Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. newmana@edc.pitt.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether lifestyle factors, measured late in life, could compress the disabled period toward the end of life. DESIGN: Community-based cohort study of older adults followed from 1989 to 2015. SETTING: Four U.S. communities. PARTICIPANTS: Community-living men and women aged 65 and older (N = 5,248, mean age 72.7 ± 5.5, 57% female, 15.2% minority) who were not wheelchair dependent and were able to give informed consent at baseline. MEASUREMENTS: Multiple lifestyle factors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet, body mass index (BMI), social networks, and social support, were measured at baseline. Activities of daily living (ADLs) were assessed at baseline and throughout follow-up. Years of life (YoL) was defined as years until death. Years of able life (YAL) was defined as years without any ADL difficulty. YAL/YoL%, the proportion of life lived able, was used to indicate the relative compression or expansion of the disabled period. RESULTS: The average duration of disabled years was 4.5 (out of 15.4 mean YoL) for women and 2.9 (out of 12.4 mean YoL) for men. In a multivariable model, obesity was associated with 7.3 percentage points (95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.4-9.2) lower YAL/YoL% than normal weight. Scores in the lowest quintile of the Alternate Healthy Eating Index were associated with a 3.7% (95% CI = 1.6-5.9) lower YAL/YoL% than scores in the highest quintile. Every 25 blocks walked in a week was associated with 0.5 percentage points (95% CI = 0.3-0.8) higher YAL/YoL%. CONCLUSION: The effects of healthy lifestyle factors on the proportion of future life lived free of disability indicate that the disabled period can be compressed, given the right combination of these factors.
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether lifestyle factors, measured late in life, could compress the disabled period toward the end of life. DESIGN: Community-based cohort study of older adults followed from 1989 to 2015. SETTING: Four U.S. communities. PARTICIPANTS: Community-living men and women aged 65 and older (N = 5,248, mean age 72.7 ± 5.5, 57% female, 15.2% minority) who were not wheelchair dependent and were able to give informed consent at baseline. MEASUREMENTS: Multiple lifestyle factors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet, body mass index (BMI), social networks, and social support, were measured at baseline. Activities of daily living (ADLs) were assessed at baseline and throughout follow-up. Years of life (YoL) was defined as years until death. Years of able life (YAL) was defined as years without any ADL difficulty. YAL/YoL%, the proportion of life lived able, was used to indicate the relative compression or expansion of the disabled period. RESULTS: The average duration of disabled years was 4.5 (out of 15.4 mean YoL) for women and 2.9 (out of 12.4 mean YoL) for men. In a multivariable model, obesity was associated with 7.3 percentage points (95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.4-9.2) lower YAL/YoL% than normal weight. Scores in the lowest quintile of the Alternate Healthy Eating Index were associated with a 3.7% (95% CI = 1.6-5.9) lower YAL/YoL% than scores in the highest quintile. Every 25 blocks walked in a week was associated with 0.5 percentage points (95% CI = 0.3-0.8) higher YAL/YoL%. CONCLUSION: The effects of healthy lifestyle factors on the proportion of future life lived free of disability indicate that the disabled period can be compressed, given the right combination of these factors.
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