Véronique J C Kraaijenga1, Alice van Zon, Yvette E Smulders, Geerte G J Ramakers, Gijsbert A Van Zanten, Robert J Stokroos, Wendy J Huinck, Johan H M Frijns, Rolien H Free, Wilko Grolman. 1. *Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery †Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands ‡Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands §Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery ||Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ¶Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery **Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands ††Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether a squelch effect occurs in the first 3 years after simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation and to investigate whether this effect increases during follow-up. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study as part of a multicenter randomized controlled trial that compares simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation to sequential and unilateral cochlear implantation. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Nineteen postlingually deafened adults. INTERVENTION: Simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The squelch effect, measured yearly with a speech-intelligibility-in-noise test with spatially separated sources. Bilateral results were compared to unilateral results in which the cochlear implant at the noise side was turned off. The squelch effect was investigated for the patients' best performing ear and for the left and right ears separately. RESULTS: In 13 individual patients, a squelch effect was present after 1 year. This number increased during follow-up years. On group level, a squelch effect was present in patients' best performing ear after 2 and 3 years (1.9 dB). A squelch effect was present in both ears after 3 years (AS: 1.7 dB, AD: 1.3 dB). CONCLUSION: Patients who underwent simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation developed a measurable benefit from the squelch effect after 2 years in their best performing ear and after 3 years in both ears. These observations suggest that the brain learns to use interaural differences to segregate sound from noise after simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation. The squelch effect increased over time which suggests a growth in cortical integration and differentiation of inputs from bilateral CIs due to brain plasticity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Dutch Trial Register NTR1722. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1b.
RCT Entities:
OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether a squelch effect occurs in the first 3 years after simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation and to investigate whether this effect increases during follow-up. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study as part of a multicenter randomized controlled trial that compares simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation to sequential and unilateral cochlear implantation. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Nineteen postlingually deafened adults. INTERVENTION: Simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The squelch effect, measured yearly with a speech-intelligibility-in-noise test with spatially separated sources. Bilateral results were compared to unilateral results in which the cochlear implant at the noise side was turned off. The squelch effect was investigated for the patients' best performing ear and for the left and right ears separately. RESULTS: In 13 individual patients, a squelch effect was present after 1 year. This number increased during follow-up years. On group level, a squelch effect was present in patients' best performing ear after 2 and 3 years (1.9 dB). A squelch effect was present in both ears after 3 years (AS: 1.7 dB, AD: 1.3 dB). CONCLUSION:Patients who underwent simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation developed a measurable benefit from the squelch effect after 2 years in their best performing ear and after 3 years in both ears. These observations suggest that the brain learns to use interaural differences to segregate sound from noise after simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation. The squelch effect increased over time which suggests a growth in cortical integration and differentiation of inputs from bilateral CIs due to brain plasticity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Dutch Trial Register NTR1722. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1b.
Authors: Véronique J C Kraaijenga; Geerte G J Ramakers; Yvette E Smulders; Alice van Zon; Inge Stegeman; Adriana L Smit; Robert J Stokroos; Nadia Hendrice; Rolien H Free; Bert Maat; Johan H M Frijns; Jeroen J Briaire; E A M Mylanus; Wendy J Huinck; Gijsbert A Van Zanten; Wilko Grolman Journal: JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg Date: 2017-09-01 Impact factor: 6.223
Authors: Véronique J C Kraaijenga; Geerte G J Ramakers; Yvette E Smulders; Alice van Zon; Rolien H Free; Johan H M Frijns; Wendy J Huinck; Robert J Stokroos; Wilko Grolman Journal: Front Neurosci Date: 2019-02-20 Impact factor: 4.677