Yasuhiro Itsuki1, Eisaku Imamura2, Junji Sugawara3, Ravindra Nanda4. 1. Private Practice of Orthodontics in Tokyo, Japan. 2. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama General Hospital, Yokohama, Japan; Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama. 3. Department of Craniofacial Sciences, and Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., MC 1725, Farmington, CT 06030; SAS Orthodontic Center, Ichiban-Cho Dental Clinic, Sendai, Japan. 4. Department of Craniofacial Sciences, and Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., MC 1725, Farmington, CT 06030; Journal of Clinical Orthodontics. nanda@uchc.edu.