Sinking heart: a Punjabi communication of distress.

Within transcultural psychiatry there is a continuing debate between universalist and relativist positions. This debate focuses on the translation of Western psychiatric categories to non-Western languages and cultural contexts, and on the cross-cultural applicability of a Western model of human nature. This debate is of concern to medical practitioners and other primary carers who work with ethnic minority patients. The paper describes a syndrome of heart distress referred to as "sinking heart' by Punjabis living in Bedford, and it discusses how far this condition correlates with Western psychiatric categories. "Sinking heart' is an illness in which physical sensations in the heart or in the chest are experienced and these symptoms are thought to be caused by excessive heat, exhaustion, worry and/or social failure. The Punjabi model of "sinking heart' offers a culture-bound explanation of somatic symptoms. It is based on culturally specific ideas about the person, the self and the heart and on the assumption that physical, emotional and social symptoms of pathology accompany each other. This model is compared with Western notions of depression and with medical models of heart distress, type A behaviour pattern and stress. The paper concludes that the Punjabi model of sinking heart does not exactly correspond to any of these. The sinking heart model bears closest resemblance to a Western model of stress. The similarity between these two models is in the form rather than in the content.