Literature DB >> 27561802

[Crizotinib Treatment Combined with Resection and Whole-brain Radiation Therapy 
in A ROS1 Rearranged Lung Adenocarcinoma with Brain Metastasis: 
Case Report and Literature Review].

Min Zhang1, Ligong Nie2, Jiayong Zhang3.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer with brain metastasis had poor prognosis. Crizotinib had been confirmed to be used in ROS1 (C-ros oncogene 1 receptor tyrosine kinase) rearranged lung adenocarcinoma, but its efficacy in lung cancer with brain metastasis was poor due to the blood brain barrier. In the present study, we reported one case of ROS1 fusion lung adenocarcinoma with symptomatic brain matastasis, who was treated with brain metastases resection, crizotinib, and whole brain radiotherapy plus boost to residual brain metastasis. The safety and efficacy was summarized.
METHODS: At first, surgical resection was used to relive mass effect and to biopsy. Then crizotinib (250 mg, bid) was chosen for the existence of ROS1 fusion gene. Whole brain radiotherapy plus boost to residual brain metastasis were used after surgery. Objective response was evaluated by Response Evaluation Criteriation in Solid Tumours (RECIST) v1.1 and brain metastasis were evaluated by computer tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image. Adverse events were evaluated according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTC AE) v4.0.
RESULTS: After taking crizotinib for 3 months, the lung lesions were close to complete response (CR), the brain metastasis were partial response (PR), the abdomen metastasis were CR and the symptom of blurred vision relieved.
CONCLUSIONS: Crizotinib combined with palliative operation and radiation therapy (WBRT plus boost to residual brain metastasis) in the treatment of ROS1 fusion gene positive lung adenocarcinoma with symptomatic brain metastases, can effectively control intracranial lesions with good tolerance.

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Year:  2016        PMID: 27561802      PMCID: PMC5972988          DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2016.08.07

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi        ISSN: 1009-3419


肺癌是中国乃至全球发病率和死亡率最高的肿瘤之一[, 其中85%为非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)。约10%的NSCLC首次就诊时即存在脑转移, 出现脑转移后中位生存时间仅为1个月-2个月。克唑替尼可用于治疗ROS1(C-ros oncogene 1 receptor tyrosine kinase)融合基因阳性的肺腺癌[, 但是该药血脑屏障通透率较低, 对脑转移的治疗疗效有限[。本文报道了1例首诊为ROS1融合基因阳性伴有症状的脑转移的晚期肺腺癌患者, 综合运用手术、全脑放疗+残留灶补量放疗、克唑替尼治疗后, 肺部病变接近完全缓解(complete remission, CR), 颅内疗效部分缓解(partial remission, PR), 腹腔病变CR。通过文献复习, 对其安全性和有效性进行分析和讨论。

临床资料

患者, 女性, 37岁, 不吸烟, 因“头痛、头晕3周, 右侧胸痛、复视1天余”于2015年12月9日就诊于外院, 2015年12月10日头部磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)检查提示:右侧顶枕交界区、左侧额叶、左额窦旁多发占位, 强化明显, 瘤周水肿明显, 考虑多发转移瘤伴大脑镰下疝征象; 其中病灶最大者位于左额叶, 大小为3.6 cm×2.2 cm×3.1 cm(图 1)。2015年12月18日我院正电子发射型计算机断层显像(positron emission computed tomography, PET)-计算机断层扫描(computed tomography, CT)提示右下肺占位, 高代谢范围31 mm×20 mm×17 mm, 双肺及胸膜下多发小结节, 右侧胸膜结节样增厚, 胰腺高代谢灶, 右锁骨上区、纵隔、右肺门、腹膜后腹主动脉旁多发高代谢淋巴结, 左额叶、右枕叶、左顶枕交界区占位, 考虑右下肺恶性病变伴右侧胸膜转移、胰腺转移、多发淋巴结转移、颅内转移, 伴双肺多发转移可能大。2015年12月22日于我院行颅内占位切除术, 切除左侧额叶病灶, 术后病理提示符合肺腺癌转移, 免疫组化:CK7(+++), TTF1(+++), Napsin A(+++), CK20(+), CDX-2(+), PAX8(-), GATA3(-), GFAP(-)。完善相关分期检查后明确诊断为:右肺下叶中心型腺癌(T4N3M1, Ⅳ期), 多发淋巴结转移(右肺门、纵隔、右侧锁骨上、腹膜后腹主动脉旁), 右侧胸膜转移, 多发脑转移(3个), 胰腺转移, 双肺多发转移可能大。采用突变扩增阻滞系统(amplification refractory mutation system, ARMS)(厦门艾德ADx-ARMS)实时荧光定量PCR法检测ROS1融合基因阳性(Exon34阳性, Exon32/35/36阴性, 表 1), 棘皮动物微管相关蛋白样4-间变性淋巴瘤激酶(echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase, EML4-ALK)、表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)基因、K-RAS(Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog)基因的各外显子均未见突变。
1

患者治疗前后的头MRI。红箭头:左额叶病灶; 黄箭头:左顶叶转移灶; 绿箭头:右枕叶转移灶; 黑箭头:右额叶出血灶, 术后2天出现。

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain before and after treatment.Red arrow:metastatic lesions of left frontal lobe; yellow arrow:metastatic lesions of left parietal lobe; green arrow:metastatic lesions of right occipital lobe; black arrow:hemorrhagic lesion of left parietal lobe occurred 2 days after surgery.

1

实时荧光定量PCR检测ROS1融合基因阳性(Exon34阳性)

ROS1 gene fusion (Exon34) was positive tested by Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR

Type of fusionSplicing gene/exonROS1 splicing exonResults
ROS1:C-ros oncogene 1 receptor tyrosine kinase; PCR:polymerase chain reaction.
ROS1 variant1SLC34A2 exon4Exon32Negative
ROS1 variant2SLC34A2 exon14del
ROS1 variant3CD74 exon6
ROS1 variant4SDC4 exon2
ROS1 variant5SDC4 exon4
ROS1 variant6SLC34A2 exon4Exon34Positive
ROS1 variant7SLC34A2 exon14del
ROS1 variant8CD74 exon6
ROS1 variant9SDC4 exon4
ROS1 variant10EZR exon10
ROS1 variant11TPM3 exon8Exon35Negative
ROS1 variant12LRIG3 exon16
ROS1 variant13GOPC exon8
ROS1 variant14GOPC exon4Exon36Negative
患者治疗前后的头MRI。红箭头:左额叶病灶; 黄箭头:左顶叶转移灶; 绿箭头:右枕叶转移灶; 黑箭头:右额叶出血灶, 术后2天出现。 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain before and after treatment.Red arrow:metastatic lesions of left frontal lobe; yellow arrow:metastatic lesions of left parietal lobe; green arrow:metastatic lesions of right occipital lobe; black arrow:hemorrhagic lesion of left parietal lobe occurred 2 days after surgery. 实时荧光定量PCR检测ROS1融合基因阳性(Exon34阳性) ROS1 gene fusion (Exon34) was positive tested by Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR 治疗经过:患者于2015年12月22日行颅内占位切除术, 切除左侧额叶病灶, 术后头疼、头晕症状消失, 遗留有视物模糊症状。术后两天复查脑CT提示左额叶占位完全切除, 右额叶邻近术区处可见出血灶(图 1)。因病理检测提示ROS1融合基因阳性, 于2016年1月8日开始口服克唑替尼, 250 mg, bid。2016年1月12日开始全脑放疗(DT 37.5 Gy/15 f/20 d, 右枕叶、左顶叶转移灶局部加量DT 20 Gy/10 f/14 d), 2016年2月15日放疗结束, 期间持续服用克唑替尼, 2016年1月21日复查脑CT提示颅内转移灶较前缩小, 2016年2月3日复查胸部CT提示胸部病变较前好转。放疗结束后持续服用克唑替尼。3个半月后(2016年4月11日)复查胸CT、头部磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)、腹部超声, 按照实体瘤疗效评价标准1.1版(Response Evaluation Criteriation in Solid Tumours v1.1, RECIST v1.1)评价客观疗效, 肺部病变接近CR(图 2), 颅内疗效PR(图 1), 腹腔病变CR, 视物模糊症状减轻, 仅夜间存在。服用克唑替尼期间, 主要不良反应为恶心、轻度呕吐(胃内容物), 肝功能异常。呕吐持续约7周后消失。
2

患者临床影像学特征。A、B:患者接受克唑替尼治疗前, 胸部CT显示右肺中心型肿块及大量胸腔积液; C:患者接受克唑替尼治疗3周后, 复查胸部CT显示肿物缩小, 胸腔积液减少; D:患者接受克唑替尼治疗3个月后, 复查胸部CT显示肺部肿块消失, 胸腔积液接近消失, 评效接近CR。

Clinical radiologic features of the patient.A, B:Before crizotinib treatment, chest CT showing mass and miaximal pleural effusion in right lung; C:After 3 wk of crizotinib, CT showing tumors shrinkage and ruduced of pleural effusion and shadow in right lung; D:After 3 month of crizotinib, CT showing disappeared of pleural effusion and shadow in right lung.CT:computed tomography; CR:complete response.

患者临床影像学特征。A、B:患者接受克唑替尼治疗前, 胸部CT显示右肺中心型肿块及大量胸腔积液; C:患者接受克唑替尼治疗3周后, 复查胸部CT显示肿物缩小, 胸腔积液减少; D:患者接受克唑替尼治疗3个月后, 复查胸部CT显示肺部肿块消失, 胸腔积液接近消失, 评效接近CR Clinical radiologic features of the patient.A, B:Before crizotinib treatment, chest CT showing mass and miaximal pleural effusion in right lung; C:After 3 wk of crizotinib, CT showing tumors shrinkage and ruduced of pleural effusion and shadow in right lung; D:After 3 month of crizotinib, CT showing disappeared of pleural effusion and shadow in right lung.CT:computed tomography; CR:complete response.

讨论

肺癌是全球发病率和死亡率最高的肿瘤之一[, 2011年我国肺癌发病率为48.32/10万, 死亡率为39.27/10万, 发病率和死亡率均居恶性肿瘤的首位[。NSCLC占肺癌患者的85%左右。约10%的NSCLC首次就诊时即存在脑转移, 在疾病发展过程中脑转移发生率为30%-50%。出现脑转移常意味着治疗效果不佳, 预后极差, 中位生存期约1个月-2个月。 2015年美国国立综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCCN)指南推荐:对有症状的NSCLC脑转移患者, 先治疗脑转移病灶, 然后进行全身治疗。治疗脑转移瘤的手段包括手术、放疗(全脑放疗或者立体定向放射外科)等。既往研究结果显示, 手术治疗可以获得病理标本、迅速有效的缓解颅内占位效应, 还提高生存率[; 手术后全脑放疗较单独放疗的总生存期长(40周 vs 15周, P < 0.01), 复发率低(20% vs 52%, P < 0.02)[, 还有两项随机研究结果[类似; 对2个-4个脑转移瘤患者, WBRT后肿瘤加量放疗(立体定向放射外科)虽然未能延长生存期, 但可以延长局部复发时间(36个月vs 6个月, P=0.000, 5)[。在临床工作中, 一次性手术切除散在颅内的多个病灶, 存在一定的困难, 因而, 手术切除颅内较大占位, 缓解肿瘤占位效应后, 行全脑放疗+肿瘤局部推量放疗是合理的治疗方案。 ROS1基因是肺癌的肿瘤驱动基因, 约1%-2.6%的NSCLC出现ROS1融合基因阳性[, 多见于亚裔、不吸烟、女性、腺癌患者[。目前对ROS1融合基因阳性是否影响生存尚无定论[。2015年NCCN指南推荐:对ROS1基因重排的肺腺癌患者建议使用克唑替尼进行靶向治疗, 给予克唑替尼250 mg, bid[。Ⅰ期临床试验(NCT00585195)的初步结果显示14例ROS1阳性的进展期NSCLC患者接受克唑替尼治疗, 第8周时有效率和疾病控制率分别为57%和79%[。2013美国临床肿瘤学会(American Society of Clinical Oncology, ASCO)年会研究者更新了相关数据, 共33例ROS1阳性进展期NSCLC患者入组, 31例接受克唑替尼治疗, 在25例疗效可评价患者中, 总缓解率为56%, 6个月无进展生存率达到71%, 取得了较好的疗效。 但是, Costa等[报道克唑替尼血脑屏障通透率较低, 对脑转移的治疗效果有限。2015年Lukas等[报道了1例脑转移患者, 在接受克唑替尼治疗中出现脑转移, 给予低剂量放疗(12.5 Gy/5 f, 因为颅压高症状明显加重而停止放疗)后一直进行克唑替尼治疗, 脑转移灶明显缩小。他们认为, 低剂量放疗可打破血脑屏障, 有助于克唑替尼对脑转移灶的控制。 此例首诊为ROS1融合基因阳性伴脑转移的晚期肺腺癌患者, 有明显头疼、头晕症状, 影像学检查提示颅内有3个转移灶, 最大者位于左额叶, 肿瘤最大径达3.6 cm, 瘤周水肿明显, 并有大脑镰下疝征象。考虑到安全性, 避免放疗水肿导致的颅压增高、脑疝等风险, 首先采用手术治疗切除颅内病灶, 迅速有效地缓解占位效应、明确病理诊断。颅内共3个病灶, 散布于左额叶、右枕叶、左顶叶, 不易在一次手术中全部切除, 故仅切除左额叶最大病灶, 术后行全脑放疗+右枕叶、左顶叶小转移灶补量放疗。服用克唑替尼3个月后复查评效:肺部病变接近CR(图 2), 颅内疗效PR(图 1), 腹腔病变CR, 视物模糊症状减轻, 仅夜间存在。 该病例提示我们, 针对ROS1融合基因阳性伴有症状的脑转移的肺腺癌患者, 有计划的联合手术、全脑放疗+局部加量放疗控制颅内病变, 破坏血脑屏障, 同时采用克唑替尼控制颅内、颅外病灶, 有可能提高肿瘤治疗效果。这是首次报导联合治疗ROS1融合基因阳性伴有症状的脑转移有效的病例。
  21 in total

1.  Crizotinib in ROS1-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer.

Authors:  Alice T Shaw; Sai-Hong I Ou; Yung-Jue Bang; D Ross Camidge; Benjamin J Solomon; Ravi Salgia; Gregory J Riely; Marileila Varella-Garcia; Geoffrey I Shapiro; Daniel B Costa; Robert C Doebele; Long Phi Le; Zongli Zheng; Weiwei Tan; Patricia Stephenson; S Martin Shreeve; Lesley M Tye; James G Christensen; Keith D Wilner; Jeffrey W Clark; A John Iafrate
Journal:  N Engl J Med       Date:  2014-09-27       Impact factor: 91.245

2.  ROS1 rearrangements define a unique molecular class of lung cancers.

Authors:  Kristin Bergethon; Alice T Shaw; Sai-Hong Ignatius Ou; Ryohei Katayama; Christine M Lovly; Nerina T McDonald; Pierre P Massion; Christina Siwak-Tapp; Adriana Gonzalez; Rong Fang; Eugene J Mark; Julie M Batten; Haiquan Chen; Keith D Wilner; Eunice L Kwak; Jeffrey W Clark; David P Carbone; Hongbin Ji; Jeffrey A Engelman; Mari Mino-Kenudson; William Pao; A John Iafrate
Journal:  J Clin Oncol       Date:  2012-01-03       Impact factor: 44.544

Review 3.  Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) alone versus WBRT and radiosurgery for the treatment of brain metastases.

Authors:  Chirag G Patil; Katie Pricola; J Manuel Sarmiento; Sachin K Garg; Andrew Bryant; Keith L Black
Journal:  Cochrane Database Syst Rev       Date:  2012-09-12

4.  Choroidal metastasis response to crizotinib in a ROS1-rearranged NSCLC patient.

Authors:  Stephanie Lu; Michele C Azada; Sai-Hong Ignatius Ou
Journal:  Lung Cancer       Date:  2014-12-19       Impact factor: 5.705

5.  Surgical treatment for brain metastases: prognostic factors and survival in 177 patients.

Authors:  Andreas M Stark; Hauke Tscheslog; Ralf Buhl; Janka Held-Feindt; H Maximilian Mehdorn
Journal:  Neurosurg Rev       Date:  2004-12-18       Impact factor: 3.042

6.  Annual report on status of cancer in China, 2011.

Authors:  Wanqing Chen; Rongshou Zheng; Hongmei Zeng; Siwei Zhang; Jie He
Journal:  Chin J Cancer Res       Date:  2015-02       Impact factor: 5.087

7.  Lung cancer: New biological insights and recent therapeutic advances.

Authors:  Suresh S Ramalingam; Taofeek K Owonikoko; Fadlo R Khuri
Journal:  CA Cancer J Clin       Date:  2011-02-08       Impact factor: 508.702

8.  ALK, ROS1 and RET fusions in 1139 lung adenocarcinomas: a comprehensive study of common and fusion pattern-specific clinicopathologic, histologic and cytologic features.

Authors:  Yunjian Pan; Yang Zhang; Yuan Li; Haichuan Hu; Lei Wang; Hang Li; Rui Wang; Ting Ye; Xiaoyang Luo; Yiliang Zhang; Bin Li; Deng Cai; Lei Shen; Yihua Sun; Haiquan Chen
Journal:  Lung Cancer       Date:  2014-02-19       Impact factor: 5.705

9.  Craniotomy for the resection of metastatic brain tumors in the U.S., 1988-2000: decreasing mortality and the effect of provider caseload.

Authors:  Fred G Barker
Journal:  Cancer       Date:  2004-03-01       Impact factor: 6.860

10.  RET, ROS1 and ALK fusions in lung cancer.

Authors:  Kengo Takeuchi; Manabu Soda; Yuki Togashi; Ritsuro Suzuki; Seiji Sakata; Satoko Hatano; Reimi Asaka; Wakako Hamanaka; Hironori Ninomiya; Hirofumi Uehara; Young Lim Choi; Yukitoshi Satoh; Sakae Okumura; Ken Nakagawa; Hiroyuki Mano; Yuichi Ishikawa
Journal:  Nat Med       Date:  2012-02-12       Impact factor: 53.440

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  1 in total

Review 1.  Metastasis manners and the underlying mechanisms of ALK and ROS1 rearrangement lung cancer and current possible therapeutic strategies.

Authors:  Xing Chang; Zi Liu; Shuai Man; Annie Roys; Zengqiang Li; Daiying Zuo; Yingliang Wu
Journal:  RSC Adv       Date:  2019-06-07       Impact factor: 4.036

  1 in total

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