Annotated checklist of the coastal ichthyofauna from Michoacán State, Mexico.

This study is the first to complete an intensive and comprehensive list of the ichthyofauna of nearly all ecosystems of the Michoacán coast, Mexico. The resulting systematic checklist, supplemented with information from the literature and scientific collections, comprises 440 species belonging to two classes, 31 orders, 104 families, and 264 genera. The families with the highest number of species were Sciaenidae (30 spp.), Carangidae (26), Haemulidae (24), Serranidae (21), Paralichthyidae, and Gobiidae (13). Of the total species list, 134 represent first records for the Michoacán State, and one is a first record for Mexico. The results expand the number of known fish species of the Michoacán coast by almost one third and will help to develop conservation and management plans for this coastal zone.

Introduction

Mexico has a wealth of both marine species and ecosystems. The country has the world’s twelfth longest marine territory, including both Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The geographic and geological history, as well as the ecological and biological richness of areas such as the Gulf of California, the Oceanic islands, and the Caribbean, expands the diversity of Mexican marine life (Lara-Lara et al. 2008), including the ichthyofauna. The few studies pertaining to these taxa have primarily focused on conservation priority zones such as the Gulf of California (e.g. Del Moral-Flores et al. 2013), protected marine areas (e.g. Galván-Villa et al. 2016), or on economically important species (e.g. Lara-Lara et al. 2008).

The Mexican tropical Pacific is part of the biogeographic region known as the , which comprises three provinces: Cortez or Sinuscaliforniana, Mexican, and Panamic (sensu Briggs 1974). An estimated 1358 fish species occur in the TEP region, along with an additional of approximately 59 undescribed species (Zapata and Robertson, 2007). The TEP could be considered an area of low richness compared to other biogeographical regions of tropical seas, such as the Indo-Malaysian or the Great Caribbean. However, approximately 71% of identified TEP fish species are considered endemic, making it the tropical region with the highest rate of endemism per unit area in the world (Robertson and Allen 2015). According to Robertson and Allen (2015), the Cortez province possesses 9% of the 515 endemic fish species identified in the coastal ecosystems of the TEP region, whereas the Mexican and the Panamic provinces host 2% and 29% of the endemic component, respectively. Nine percent of the endemic species occur in both the Cortez and Mexican provinces, 10% in both the Mexican and the Panamic provinces, and 37% of the species are found in the three provinces. The endemic fish fauna of the five TEP oceanic islands (Revillagigedo, Galapagos, Cliperton, Coco, and Malpelo) represent, on the other hand, 10% of the total.

The Mexican province is highly productive due to the convergence of the Costa Rica Coastal Current and the California Current, favoring the presence of tropical, temperate, and transitional fish species (Kessler 2006). Based on its lower number of endemic fish species, the Mexican province has been considered a transition zone between the Cortez province in the north and the Panamic to the south (Hastings 2000, Palacios-Salgado 2005, Robertson and Cramer 2009). Attempts to characterize the ichthyofauna of this province are scarce, and most of them refer to a particular group of fishes, region or are based on unpublished reports (Madrid-Vera et al. 1998; Palacios-Salgado 2005, Madrigal-Guridi 2006, Moncayo-Estrada et al. 2006, Chávez-Comparan et al. 2008, López-Pérez et al. 2010, Márquez-Espinoza 2012, Sandoval-Huerta et al. 2012, 2012b, 2014; Palacios-Morales et al. 2014).

The coastline of the Michoacán State, in the Mexican province, is 261.5 km in length and runs from Boca de Apiza, at the mouth of the Coahuayana River, which represents the border with the Colima State to the north, to Barra de San Francisco, at the mouth of the Balsas River, which represents the border with the Guerrero State to the south (Correa and Gómez 2003). There are two contrasting physiographic zones PageBreakdiffering markedly in the marine ecosystems and consequently in the fish species present: (1) the municipalities of Lazaro Cardenas and Coahuayana, which are characterized by coastal plains, with a wide sandy coastline, mangroves, and estuary zones, (2) and the municipality of Aquila comprising numerous cliffs extending into the sea and forming wide zones of rocky reefs, coralline patches, and intertidal pools; estuaries in the last zone are scarce and differ in size and dynamism from those found in Lazaro Cardenas and Coahuyana (Correa and Gómez 2003).

Such heterogeneity in a transitional zone potentially produces high fish species richness. Nevertheless, information on the ichthyofauna of the Michoacán coast is limited, including two study focused on artisanal fishery species (Amezcua-Linares 2009, Sánchez-Aguilar 2007), two on estuarine fishes (Madrigal-Guridi 2006, Sandoval-Huerta et al. 2014) and one including all habitats (Medina-Nava et al. 2001). Madrid-Vera et al. (1998) published the previously most extensive list of the fish fauna of the Michoacán coast, with 257 species, 157 genera, and 76 families recorded in a wide variety of environments. This limited knowledge of the fish fauna contrasts with the importance of the fishery to the economy of the region as the main economic activity, with about 11,931 fishermen producing 6525 tons with an estimated economic value of 145,255,860 MXN (CONAPESCA 2014).

The main goal of this study was to provide an updated checklist of the ichthyofauna from the Michoacán coast including information on fish of local commercial importance and their biogeographic affinity. This knowledge will increase the understanding of regional fish diversity and could be of usefulness for conservation and management strategies of the littoral zone of the Central Mexican Pacific and particularly for the Michoacán State.

Materials and methods

The study area encompassed the coastline of Michoacán state, with 110 locations directly sampled (Fig. 1) and information on 50 additional sites obtained from published literature or scientific collections. These data were obtained through extensive review of the biological material deposited at the , the , the and the Marine Vertebrate Collection, Scripps Institute of Oceanography (). In addition, records from the data base of the fish collection of the were reviewed. These investigation also included an extensive review of specialized publications (books, catalogues, and field guides) and reports of specimens deposited in ichthyological collections recognized by the Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, México, or specimens of which identification was corroborated by experts.

Figure 1.

Sampling locations on the coast of Michoacán State.

Colección de Peces de la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

Colección Nacional de Peces

Colección Ictiológica del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología

California Academy of Sciences

Field sampling was conducted bimonthly from February 2010 to February 2011, with intermittent sampling in the ensuing year. Sampling was carried out in estuarine PageBreakzones, rocky intertidal pools, rocky reefs, sandy areas, coralline communities, artificial reefs, and the demersal-pelagic area. Methods were tailored to the ecosystem. Reef species were collected via SCUBA diving using elastic band harpoons. Ecologically cryptic (sensu Viesca-Lobatón 2005) and intertidal pool species were collected using eugenol (clove oil) anesthetic at a ratio of 1:5 (eugenol:ethanol) for reef and 0.25:9.75 for intertidal pool species. When the organisms were sedated, they were captured with a slurp gun or hand net. For estuarine locations, nocturnal sampling was done using gill nets (12 × 1.8 m and 0.7 to 1.2 cm mesh) and cast nets. For sandy-bottomed sites, a small fishing net (2 × 1.8 m, 1 cm mesh and 3 m bag) was used using a dragging period of 20 min. Captures from a shrimp fishing boat were also analyzed. Aggregations of debris in the open sea were investigated to collect ocean species rarely found in coastal areas. Cooperation with local artisanal fishermen was established to review incidental and commercial catches. Fishermen used lines of 50, 100, and 200 m at 5, 20, and 40 m depth, with hooks of various sizes, fishing with fishhook at a maximum depth of 80 m and gillnets of 7 to 12 cm mesh size. Information about the commercial value and uses of the species also was recorded.

Most specimens were photographed upon collection; tissue samples were taken and deposited at the tissue collection of the CPUM. Specimens were fixed in 5% or 10% formalin neutralized with sodium borate and posteriorly preserved in 70% ethaPageBreaknol. Fishes were identified using the keys and descriptions from Springer (1962), Allen and Robertson (1991, 1992, 1998), Fisher et al. (1995), Castro-Aguirre et al. (1999), Hastings and Robertson (1999, 1999b), Thomson et al. (2000), Carpenter and Niem (2001), Miller and Stefanni (2001), Miller et al. (2005), and Robertson and Allen (2015). For some groups, specialized literature was required: (Latreille 1804, Shaw 1804-1805, Jordan and Evermann 1900, Froese and Pauly 2003), (Himaya and Kumada 1940), (Benitez 2004), (Lavenberg and Chernoff 1995), (Hubbs 1953; Springer1959, Rosenblatt and Parr 1969, Rosenblatt and Taylor 1971), (Springer 1962), (Hastings and Robertson 1999), (Allen and Robertson 1991, 1992, Rosenblatt et al. 2013), and for the genera Forsskål, 1775 (Lessios et al. 1995), Brisout de Barneville, 1846, Lacepède, 1800 (Briggs 1955; Briggs and Miller 1960), and Scopoli, 1777 (Pfeiler 2008). All specimens were deposited at CPUM (MICH-PEC-227-07-09).

The systematic arrangement followed Nelson et al. (2016). The current taxonomic status of each species was corroborated in Eschmeyer et al. (2016). The arrangement of the genera and species was in alphabetical order. In the systematic list, the habitat-type from which each species was collected and the scientific collection by which the specimen was identified, or the scientific document from which information of the specimen was obtained, are indicated.

Finally, a zoogeographical affinity analysis of the species, based on the biogeographical regionalization proposed by Briggs (1974, 1995), was made. Accordingly, the Tropical Eastern Pacific was divided into three provinces. The San Diegan province was also included, since some species tended to have a northern distribution.

Results

Sampling was performed in 13 intertidal pool sites, 20 rocky reef sites, three coralline communities, two artificial reefs, 22 estuarine ecosystems, and 50 soft bottom and open sea sites, collecting 6963 fishes.

The compiled systematic list of ichthyofauna of the Michoacán coast comprises 436 species belonging to two classes, 31 orders, 104 families, and 260 genera (Table 1). The families representing the greatest number of species were (30), (26), (24), (21), and and (13). The genera with the highest number of species were Bloch, 1790 (9), Blainville, 1816 (7), Jordan and Evermann, 1927 (6), Holbrook, 1855 (6), and Lacepède, 1801 (5).

Table 1.

Updated checklist of the coastal ichthyofauna from Michoacán, Mexico.

	Collected habitat (2010–2011)	Ichthyogeographic affinity	References and organisms voucher	The importance in fisheries
CLASS ELASMOBRANCHII
ORDER ORECTOLOBIFORMES
FAMILY GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE
Ginglymostoma unami Del Moral Flores, Ramírez-Antonio, Angulo y Pérez-Ponce de León, 2015	R	AA	2, 4, 6, CPUM	A
ORDER LAMNIFORMES
FAMILY LAMINIDAE
Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810		CT	1
FAMILY ALOPIIDAE
Alopias pelagicus Nakamura, 1935		AP	2
Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1841)		CT	2
ORDER CARCHARHINIFORMES
FAMILY TRIAKIDAE
Mustelus lunulatus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882	D	TEP	2, 6
FAMILY CARCHARHINIDAE
Carcharhinus albimarginatus (Rüppell, 1837)		CT	2
Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther, 1870)		CT	2
Carcharhinus cerdale Gilbert, 1898		TEP	1, 2
Carcharhinus falciformis (Müller & Henle, 1839)		CT	2
Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle, 1839)		CT	1, 2
Carcharhinus limbatus (Müller & Henle, 1839)	D	CT	1, 2, 6, CPUM	C
Carcharhinus obscurus (Lesueur, 1818)		CT	1, 2
Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron & Lesueur, 1822)		CT	1, 2
Nasolamia velox (Gilbert, 1898)		TEP	2
Negaprion brevirostris (Poey, 1868)		AA	1, 2
Rhizoprionodon longurio (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	D	SP, TEP	1, 2, CPUM	C
FAMILY SPHYRNIDAE
Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834)	D	CT	1, 2, 4, 6, 9, CPUM	C
Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758)		CT	2
ORDER TORPEDINIFORMES
FAMILY NARCINIDAE
Narcine entemedor Jordan & Starks, 1895	D	TEP	1, 9, CPUM	I
*Narcine vermiculatus Breder, 1928	D	MP, PP	6, 9, CPUM, ICMYL, CIBNOR	I
ORDER PRISTIFORMES
FAMILY PRISTIDAE
*Pristis pristis (Linnaeus, 1758)	PD	AA	CPUM-photo	C
ORDER RAJIFORMES
FAMILY RHINOBATIDAE
Rhinobatos glaucostigma Jordan & Gilbert, 1883	R	TEP	1, 2, 4, 6, 9, CPUM, ICMYL	C
Rhinobatos productus Ayres, 1856		SP, TEP	2
*Zapteryx xyster Jordan & Evermann,1896	R	TEP	CPUM, SIO	I
FAMILY RAJIDAE
Raja equatorialis Jordan & Bollman, 1890		MP, PP	1
ORDER MYLIOBATIFORMES
FAMILY UROTRYGONIDAE
Urotrygon aff. aspidura (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)		TEP	1
Urotrygon chilensis (Günther, 1872)		TEP	1, 2, 9
Urotrygon munda Gill, 1863		TEP	2
Urotrygon nana Miyake & McEachran, 1988		TEP	1, 9
Urotrygon rogersi (Jordan & Starks, 1895)	PD	TEP	1, 4, 9, CPUM, SIO	I
FAMILY GYMNURIDAE
Gymnura marmorata (Cooper, 1863)		SP, TEP	1, 9, CPUM	C
FAMILY MYLIOBATIDAE
Aetobatus laticeps (Euphrasen, 1790)	R	CT	2, 4, CPUM-photo	I
FAMILY MYLIOBATIDAE
*Rhinoptera steindachneri Evermann & Jenkins, 1891	PD	TEP	CPUM	I
FAMILY MOBULIDAE
*Mobula munkiana Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1987	PD	TEP	CPUM	C
FAMILY UROTRYGONIDAE
Urobatis concentricus Osburn & Nichols, 1916	R	TEP	1, 6, CPUM
Urobatis halleri (Cooper, 1863)	R	TEP	2, CPUM
FAMILY DASYATIDAE
Dasyatis dipterura (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880)	D	TEP	2, 9, CIBNOR
Dasyatis longus (Garman, 1880)	PD	SP, TEP	1, CPUM	I
CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII
ORDER ELOPIFORMES
FAMILY ELOPIDAE
Elops affinis Regan, 1909	E	SP, TEP	2, CPUM	C
ORDER ALBULIFORMES
FAMILY ALBULIDAE
Albula pacifica (Beebe, 1942)	D	MP, PP	1, 2, 9, CPUM	C
ORDER ANGUILLIFORMES
FAMILY MURAENIDAE
*Echidna nocturna (Cope, 1872)	PM, R	CP, MP	CPUM
*Enchelycore octaviana (Myers & Wade, 1941)	PM, R	CP, MP	CPUM
Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw, 1797)	R	AP	2, 6, CPUM	I
Gymnothorax castaneus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883)	PM, R	TEP	2, 6, CPUM
*Gymnothorax equatorialis (Hildebrand, 1946)	R	TEP	9, CPUM
*Muraena argus (Steindachner, 1870)		TEP	ICMYL
Muraena lentiginosa Jenyns, 1842	PM, R	TEP	2, 4, 5, 9, CPUM
*Uropterygius macrocephalus (Bleeker, 1864)	PM	TEP	CPUM
FAMILY OPHICHTHIDAE
*Apterichtus equatorialis (Myers & Wade, 1941)	R	TEP	CPUM
*Echiophis brunneus (Castro-Aguirre & Suárez de los Cobos, 1983)	R	TEP	9, CPUM
*Myrichthys aspetocheiros McCosker & Rosenblatt, 1993	R	CP, MP	6, CPUM
Ophichthus triserialis (Kaup, 1856)	R	TEP	2, CPUM, ICMYL	I
Ophichthus zophochir Jordan & Gilbert, 1882	R	TEP	1, 2, CPUM, ICMYL	I
FAMILY CONGRIDAE
*Ariosoma gilberti (Ogilby, 1898)	D	MP, PP	9
Heteroconger digueti (Pellegrin, 1923)		TEP	2
*Paraconger californiensis Kanazawa, 1961		TEP	SIO
*Rhynchoconger nitens (Jordan & Bollman, 1890)	D	TEP	9, CPUM, ICMYL	I
ORDER CLUPEIFORMES
FAMILY CLUPEIDAE
Harengula thrissina (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	PM	SP, TEP	2, 4, 6, 9, CPUM	A
Lile gracilis Castro-Aguirre & Vivero, 1990	E	MP, PP	1, 12, CPUM
Lile nigrofasciata Castro-Aguirre, Ruiz-Campos & Balart, 2002	E	TEP	1, 10, 12, 13, CPUM
Lile stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	E	TEP	CPUM
*Opisthonema bulleri (Regan, 1904)	PD	TEP	CPUM	A
Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867)	E	SP, TEP	2, 8, CPUM	A
*Opisthonema medirastre Berry & Barrett, 1963	PM	TEP	CPUM	A
FAMILY ENGRAULIDAE
*Anchoa argentivittata (Regan, 1904)	PM	TEP	CPUM	A
Anchoa ischana (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)		TEP	2, 5
Anchoa lucida (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	E	TEP	2, 12, CPUM
Anchoa mundeola (Gilbert & Pierson, 1898)		TEP	2
*Anchoa nasus (Kner & Steindachner, 1867)	PM	TEP	CPUM, ICMYL
Anchoa scofieldi (Jordan & Culver, 1895)	PD	MP, PP	2, 4, CPUM	A
*Anchovia macrolepidota (Kner, 1863)	PD	SP, TEP	CPUM	A
Cetengraulis mysticetus (Günther, 1867)	PD	TEP	2, CPUM	A
FAMILY PRISTIGASTERIDAE
Ilisha fuerthii (Steindachner, 1875)		MP, PP	2, 7
*Opisthopterus dovii (Günther, 1868)		TEP	8
Pliosteostoma lutipinnis (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	E	TEP	1, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, CPUM	A
ORDER GONORYNCHIFORMES
FAMILY CHANIDAE
Chanos chanos (Forsskål, 1775)	PD	CT	2, 7, CPUM	C
ORDER CYPRINIFORMES
FAMILY CYPRINIDAE
Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758	E	Introduced	CPUM
ORDER SILURIFORMES
FAMILY ARIIDAE
Bagre panamensis (Gill, 1863)		TEP	2
Bagre pinnimaculatus (Steindachner, 1876)		TEP	2
Cathorops dasycephalus (Günther, 1864)		MP, PP	2
Notarius kessleri (Steindachner, 1877)		MP, PP	1, 2
Notarius planiceps (Parr, 1931)		MP, PP	1, 2
Occidentarius platypogon (Steindachner, 1877)	E, D	SP, TEP	1, 8, 9, CPUM	C
Sciades guatemalensis (Günther, 1864)	E	MP, PP	1, 2, CPUM	C
Sciades seemanni (Günther, 1864)		TEP	1, CNPE-IBUNAM
FAMILY LORICARIIDAE
Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Weber, 1991)	E	Introduced	10, CPUM
ORDER OSMERIFORMES
FAMILY BATHYLAGIDAE
*Bathylagoides nigrigenys Garman, 1899		MP, PP	SIO
ORDER STOMIIFORMES
FAMILY GONOSTOMATIDAE
*Cyclothone acclinidens (Garman, 1899)		CT	SIO
FAMILY PHOSICHTHYIDAE
*Vinciguerria lucetia (Garman, 1899)		AP	SIO
FAMILY STOMIIDAE
*Bathophilus filifer Gilbert, 1890		AP	SIO
*Idiacanthus antrostomus (Parr, 1929)		AP	SIO
ORDER AULOPIFORMES
FAMILY SCOPELARCHIDAE
*Scopelarchoides nicholsi Jordan & Bollman, 1890		SP, TEP	SIO
FAMILY SYNODONTIDAE
*Synodus evermanni Gilbert, 1890	R	TEP	9, CPUM, SIO	I
*Synodus lacertinus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882	R	TEP	9, CPUM
Synodus scituliceps Hildebrand, 1946		TEP	1, 2, 9, ICMYL
*Synodus sechurae Parr, 1931	PD	TEP	CPUM	I
ORDER MYCTOPHIFORMES
FAMILY MYCTOPHIDAE
*Diaphus pacificus Hubbs, 1944		AP	CAS
*Diogenichthys laternatus (Jordan & Bollman, 1890)		AP	CAS
*Lampanyctus omostigma (Gilbert, 1890)		AP	CAS
*Lampanyctus parvicauda Parr, 1931		AP	SIO
*Myctophum aurolaternatum (Putnam, 1874)		AP	ANSP
ORDER OPHIDIIFORMES
FAMILY OPHIDIIDAE
Brotula clarkae Hubbs, 1944		TEP	1
*Lepophidium prorates (Jordan & Bollman, 1890)	D	TEP	9, SIO, ICMYL
*Otophidium indefatigabile (Richardson, 1844)	D	TEP	9, ICMYL, CIBNOR
FAMILY CARAPIDAE
Carapus dubius (Putnam, 1874)		AP	1
ORDER BATRACHOIDIFORMES
FAMILY BATRACHOIDIDAE
*Batrachoides waltersi Collette & Russo, 1981		MP, PP	ICMYL
*Porichthys ephippiatus Walker y Rosenblatt, 1988		TEP	CPUM, SIO	I
*Porichthys margaritatus (Richardson, 1844)		TEP	9, CIBNOR
ORDER LOPHIIFORMES
FAMILY LOPHIIDAE
Lophiodes caulinaris (Garman, 1899)		SP, TEP	1, 9, SIO, ICMYL
Lophiodes spilurus (Garman, 1899)		TEP	1
FAMILY ANTENNARIIDAE
*Antennatus sanguineus (Gill, 1863)		SP, TEP	6
*Antennatus strigatus (Gill, 1863)	R	TEP	6, CPUM, ICMYL
*Fowlerichthys avalonis (Bancroft, 1834)	R	SP, TEP	6, 9, CPUM
FAMILY OGCOCEPHALIDAE
Zalieutes elater (Jordan y Gilbert, 1882)	PD	SP, TEP	1, 2, 9, CPUM, SIO, ICMYL	I
ORDER GOBIESOCIFORMES
FAMILY GOBIESOCIDAE
*Arcos erythrops (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	PM, R	CP, MP	CPUM
*Gobiesox adustus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882	PM, R	TEP	CPUM
Gobiesox mexicanus Briggs & Miller, 1960	E	Freshwater	CPUM
*Tomicodon petersii (Garman, 1875)	R	MP, PP	CPUM
Tomicodon zebra (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	PM	CP, MP	2, CPUM
ORDER ATHERINIFORMES
FAMILY ATHERINOPSIDAE
*Atherinella eriarcha Jordan y Gilbert, 1882	PM	TEP	4, CPUM, CNPE-IBUNAM
Atherinella guatemalensis (Günther, 1864)	E	MP, PP	1, 8, 12, CPUM, CNPE-IBUNAM
Atherinella panamensis Steindachner, 1875	E	MP, PP	8, 10, 12, CPUM
ORDEN CYPRINODONTIFORMES
FAMILIA POECILIDAE
Poecilia butleri Jordan, 1889	E	Freshwater	8, 10, 12, 13, CPUM
ORDER BELONIFORMES
FAMILY BELONIDAE
Platybelone argalus (Lesueur, 1821)		CT	2, SIO, ANSP
Strongylura exilis (Girard, 1854)		SP, TEP	2, 6
Tylosurus fodiator Jordan y Gilbert, 1882	PD	TEP	2, CPUM	C
FAMILY HEMIRAMPHIDAE
Hemiramphus saltator Gilbert & Starks, 1904	PD	TEP	1, 6, CPUM
Hyporhamphus naos Banford & Collette, 2001	PD	TEP	1, CPUM	A
*Oxyporhamphus micropterus (Valenciennes, 1847)		CT	SIO
FAMILY EXOCOETIDAE
*Cheilopogon furcatus (Mitchill, 18l5)		CT	SIO
*Cheilopogon papilio (Clark, 1936)		SP, CP, MP	SIO
Cypselurus callopterus (Günther, 1866)		SP, CP, MP	1, 2, SIO
*Exocoetus monocirrhus Richardson, 1846		AP	SIO
Fodiator rostratus (Günther, 1866)		TEP	2, SIO
*Prognichthys tringa Breder, 1928		AP	SIO
ORDER STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES
FAMILY MELAMPHAIDAE
*Scopelogadus mizolepis (Günther, 1878)		CT	CAS
ORDER BERYCIFORMES
FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE
Sargocentron suborbitale (Gill,1863)	PM, R	TEP	2, 4, 5, 6, CPUM, SIO, ICMYL
Myripristis leiognathus Valenciennes, 1846	R	SP, TEP	2, 5, 6, 9, CPUM
ORDER SYNGNATHIFORMES
FAMILY FISTULARIIDAE
Fistularia commersonii Rüppell, 1838	R	AP	1, 2, 6, CPUM
*Fistularia corneta Gilbert & Starks, 1904	R	SP, TEP	CPUM
FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE
*Doryrhamphus excisus Kaup, 1856	R	AP	CPUM
Hippocampus ingens Girard, 1858	R	SP, TEP	1, 2, 6, 9, CPUM, ICMYL
Pseudophallus starksii (Jordan & Culver, 1895)	E	TEP	1, 12, CPUM, CNPE-IBUNAM
ORDER SCORPAENIFORMES
FAMILY SCORPAENIDAE
Scorpaena histrio Jenyns, 1840		TEP	2
Scorpaena mystes (Jordan & Starks, 1895)	R	AA	1, 6, 9, CPUM, ICMYL	I
Scorpaena russula Jordan & Bollman, 1890		TEP	1, 9
*Scorpaena sonorae Jenkins & Evermann, 1889	PD	CP, PP	CPUM	I
*Scorpaenodes xyris (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	R	SP, TEP	CPUM
FAMILY TRIGLIDAE
*Bellator gymnostethus (Gilbert, 1892)		TEP	9
Bellator loxias (Jordan, 1897)		TEP	2
Bellator xenisma (Jordan & Bollman, 1890)		TEP	1, 2, 9
Prionotus albirostris Jordan & Bollman, 1890		TEP	1, 9
Prionotus horrens Richardson, 1844		TEP	1
Prionotus ruscarius Gilbert & Starks, 1904	R	SP, TEP	1, 2, 9, CPUM, SIO	A
Prionotus stephanophrys Lockington, 1881	R	SP, TEP	1, 2, 9, CPUM, ICMYL	A
ORDER PERCIFORMES
FAMILY CENTROPOMIDAE
Centropomus armatus Gill, 1863	PD	MP, PP	2, 7, 8, CPUM	C
Centropomus medius Günther, 1864	PD	SP, TEP	1, 2, CPUM	C
Centropomus nigrescens Günther, 1864	E	TEP	2, 4, 10, 12, 13, CPUM	C
Centropomus robalito Jordan & Gilbert, 1882	E	TEP	2, 3, CPUM
Centropomus viridis Lockington, 1877	E	TEP	1, 2, 3, 7, 8, CPUM
FAMILY SERRANIDAE
Alphestes inmaculatus Breder, 1936	R	TEP	2, 6, CPUM	I
Alphestes multiguttatus (Günther, 1867)	R	TEP	2, 4, 5, 6, CPUM	I
Cephalopholis panamensis (Steindachner, 1877)	R	TEP	2, 4, 6, CPUM
Dermatolepis dermatolepis (Boulenger, 1895)	R	TEP	2, 6, CPUM-photo
Diplectrum eumelum Rosenblatt & Johnson, 1974	R	TEP	1, 9, CPUM, SIO
*Diplectrum euryplectrum Jordan & Bollman, 1890	R	TEP	CPUM, ICMYL
Diplectrum labarum Rosenblatt & Johnson, 1974	R	TEP	1, 9, CPUM, SIO
Diplectrum macropoma (Günther, 1864)	R	TEP	1, CPUM, SIO
Diplectrum pacificum Meek & Hildebrand, 1925	R	TEP	2, 4, 6, 9, CPUM
*Diplectrum rostrum Bortone, 1974	PD	TEP	CPUM	A
Epinephelus analogus Gill, 1863	R	SP, TEP	1, 2, 4, 6, 9, CPUM, ICMYL, CNPE-IBUNAM	C
Epinephelus labriformis (Jenyns, 1840)	PM, R	TEP	1, 2, 4, 6, 9, CPUM	C
Hyporthodus acanthistius (Gilbert, 1892)	R	TEP	1, 2, 4, 9, CPUM, ICMYL	C
*Hyporthodus exsul (Fowler, 1944)		TEP	SIO
Hyporthodus niphobles Gilbert & Starks, 1897	R	SP, TEP	1, CPUM	C
*Paralabrax loro Walford, 1936	R	TEP	9, CPUM	C
Paranthias colonus (Valenciennes, 1846)	R	TEP	2, 6, CPUM, ICMYL	C
*Pseudogramma thaumasia (Gilbert, 1900)	R	TEP	CPUM
Rypticus bicolor Valenciennes, 1846	PM, R	TEP	1, CPUM	A
*Rypticus nigripinnis Gill, 1861		TEP	9, ICMYL
Serranus psittacinus Valenciennes, 1846		TEP	2
FAMILY PRIACANTHIDAE
Heteropriacanthus cruentatus (Lacepède, 1801)		CT	2, 6
Pristigenys serrula (Gilbert, 1891)	D	TEP	1, 2, 6, 9, CPUM
FAMILY APOGONIDAE
Apogon pacificus (Herre, 1935)	R	TEP	1, 6, CPUM-photo, ICMYL
Apogon retrosella (Gill, 1862)	PM, R	TEP	2, 6, CPUM
FAMILY ECHENEIDAE
*Phtheirichthys lineatus (Menzies, 1791)		CT	ANSP
*Remora osteochir (Cuvier, 1829)		CT	SIO
Remora remora (Linnaeus, 1758)	D	CT	2, CPUM, CNPE-IBUNAM
FAMILY CARANGIDAE
Alectis ciliaris (Bloch, 1787)	PD	CT	1, 2, 9, CPUM	C
Carangoides otrynter (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883)	R	SP, TEP	1, 2, 4, CPUM, ICMYL	C
Carangoides vinctus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882	D	SP, TEP	1, 2, 9, CPUM, ICMYL, CNPE-IBUNAM	C
Caranx caballus Günther, 1868	PM, R	SP, TEP	1, 2, 4, 6, CPUM, ICMYL	C
Caranx caninus Günther, 1867	R, E	SP, TEP	1, 2, 9, 12, CPUM, SIO, CIBNOR	C
Caranx lugubris Poey, 1860	PD	TEP	2, CPUM	C
Caranx melampygus Cuvier, 1833		CT	2, 6
Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825	R, E	AP	2, 7, 8, CPUM	C
Chloroscombrus orqueta Jordan & Gilbert, 1883	PM	SP, TEP	1, 2, 9, CPUM, CNPE-IBUNAM	A
*Decapterus macrosoma Bleeker, 1851	PD	AP	CPUM	C
Decapterus muroadsi (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)		CT	1, 2
Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)	PD	CT	1, 2, CPUM	C
Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskål, 1775)		AP	2
Hemicaranx leucurus (Günther, 1864)		TEP	2
Hemicaranx zelotes Gilbert, 1898		TEP	2, 7
Oligoplites altus (Günther, 1868)	PD	TEP	2, CPUM	C
Oligoplites refulgens Gilbert & Starks, 1904	PD	TEP	2, CPUM	C
Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	E	TEP	2, CPUM
Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793)	R, E	CT	1, 2, 8, CPUM, SIO	C
Selene brevoortii (Gill, 1863)	R, E	SP, TEP	1, 2, CPUM	A
Selene peruviana (Guichenot, 1866)	R	TEP	1, 2, 9, CPUM	A
Seriola peruana Steindachner, 1881	R	TEP	2, CPUM	C
Seriola rivoliana Valenciennes, 1833	PD	CT	2, CPUM	C
*Trachinotus kennedyi Steindachner, 1876	E	TEP	2, CPUM, CNPE-IBUNAM
Trachinotus paitensis Cuvier, 1832		TEP	1, 2
Trachinotus rhodopus Gill, 1863	PM, R, E	SP, MP, PP	1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 12, CPUM, ICMYL
FAMILY NEMATISTIIDAE
Nematistius pectoralis Gill, 1862	PD	TEP	2, 4, CPUM	C
FAMILY CORYPHAENIDAE
*Coryphaena equiselis Linnaeus, 1758		CT	SIO
Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758	PD	CT	2, 4, CPUM-photo	C
FAMILY LUTJANIDAE
Hoplopagrus guentherii Gill, 1862	R	SP, TEP	1, 2, 6, CPUM	C
Lutjanus aratus (Günther, 1864)		TEP	1
Lutjanus argentiventris (Peters, 1869)	PM, R, E	SP, TEP	1, 2, 6, 12, CPUM, CNPE-IBUNAM	C
Lutjanus colorado Jordan & Gilbert, 1882	R, E	SP, TEP	1, 2,4, 6, 8, CPUM	C
Lutjanus guttatus (Steindachner, 1869)	R	TEP	1, 2, 4, 6, CPUM, SIO, ICMYL	C
Lutjanus inermis (Peters, 1869)	R	TEP	1, 2, CPUM, ICMYL	C
*Lutjanus jordani (Gilbert, 1898)		TEP	6
Lutjanus novemfasciatus Gill, 1862	PM, R, E	SP, TEP	1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, CPUM	C
Lutjanus peru (Nichols & Murphy, 1922)	R	SP, TEP	1, 2, 4, 9, CPUM, ICMYL	C
*Lutjanus viridis (Valenciennes, 1846)	PD	TEP	6, CPUM
FAMILY LOBOTIDAE
Lobotes pacificus Gilbert, 1898	PD	CT	1, CPUM	C
FAMILY GERREIDAE
Deckerichthys aureolus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	D	TEP	1, 2, 9, CPUM, ICMYL	C
Diapterus brevirostris (Sauvage, 1879)	E	TEP	1, 2, CPUM	C
Eucinostomus currani Zahuranec, 1980	PM, E	SP, TEP	1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, CPUM, CNPE-IBUNAM	C
Eucinostomus dowii (Gill, 1863)		SP, TEP	1
*Eucinostomus entomelas Zahuranec, 1980		SP, TEP	CNPE-IBUNAM
Eucinostomus gracilis (Gill, 1862)		TEP	1, 2, 9
*Eugerres axillaris (Günther, 1864)	R, E	TEP	CPUM
Eugerres brevimanus (Günther, 1864)		MP, PP	1
*Eugerres lineatus (Humboldt, 1821)	E	TEP	CPUM
Gerres simillimus Reagan, 1907	R, E	TEP	1, 2, 4, 7, CPUM	C
FAMILY HAEMULIDAE
*Anisotremus caesius (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	R	MP, PP	CPUM, CNPE-IBUNAM	C
Anisotremus interruptus (Gill, 1862)	R	SP, TEP	1, 2, 4, 6, CPUM, ICMYL, CNPE-IBUNAM	C
Anisotremus taeniatus Gill, 1861	R	SP, TEP	2, 6, CPUM	C
Conodon serrifer Jordan & Gilbert, 1882		SP, TEP	1, ICMYL
Genyatremus dovii (Günther, 1864)	R	TEP	2, CPUM, ICMYL, CNPE-IBUNAM	C
Genyatremus pacifici (Günther, 1864)		MP, PP	2
Haemulon californiensis (Steindachner, 1876)		TEP	2
Haemulon flaviguttatum Gill, 1862	R	SP, TEP	1, 2, 4, 6, CPUM, ICMYL	C
Haemulon maculicauda (Gill, 1862)	R	SP, TEP	2, 6, CPUM, ICMYL	C
Haemulon scudderii Gill, 1862	R	SP, TEP	1, 2, CPUM	C
Haemulon sexfasciatum Gill, 1862	R	TEP	1, 2, 6, CPUM	C
Haemulon steindachneri (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	R	AA	2, CPUM, ICMYL, CNPE-IBUNAM	C
Haemulopsis axillaris (Steindachner, 1869)	R	MP, PP	2, CPUM	C
Haemulopsis elongatus (Steindachner, 1879)	R	MP, PP	1, CPUM, ICMYL	C
Haemulopsis leuciscus (Günther, 1864)	E	TEP	1, 2, 6, 9, CPUM, CNPE-IBUNAM	C
Haemulopsis nitidus (Steindachner, 1869)	R	TEP	1, CPUM
*Microlepidotus brevipinnis (Steindachner, 1869)	R	TEP	CPUM	C
Orthopristis chalceus (Günther, 1864)	R	TEP	2, 4, CPUM
Orthopristis reddingi Jordan & Richardson, 1895	R	TEP	1, 2, CPUM
Pomadasys bayanus Jordan & Evermann, 1898	E	TEP	1, 2, CPUM
Pomadasys branickii (Steindachner, 1879)	E	TEP	1, 7, 10, CPUM, ICMYL
Pomadasys macracanthus (Günther, 1864)	E	TEP	2, CPUM
Pomadasys panamensis (Steindachner, 1876)		TEP	1, 2, 9, CNPE-IBUNAM	C
Xenichthys xanti Gill, 1863	R	SP, TEP	2, CPUM, CNPE-IBUNAM	C
FAMILY SPARIDAE
Calamus brachysomus (Lockington, 1880)	R	SP, TEP	1, 2, CPUM	C
FAMILY SCIAENIDAE
Bairdiella armata Gill, 1863		TEP	1, 2
Bairdiella ensifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)		MP, PP	1, 2
Bairdiella icistia (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)		CP, MP	2
*Corvula macrops (Steindachner, 1876)	R	TEP	CPUM
Cynoscion nannus Castro-Aguirre & Arvizu-Martínez, 1976	PD	CP, MP	1, CPUM	C
Cynoscion phoxocephalus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882		MP, PP	1, 9, CPUM, CIBNOR	C
Cynoscion reticulatus (Günther, 1864)		TEP	1, 2
*Cynoscion stolzmanni (Steindachner, 1879)		TEP	ICMYL
Elattarchus archidium (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	PD	TEP	2, CPUM	C
Isopisthus remifer Jordan & Gilbert, 1882		TEP	2
Larimus acclivis Jordan & Bristol, 1898	PD	TEP	2, CPUM	C
Larimus argenteus (Gill, 1863)	PD	TEP	1, 2, CPUM, ICMYL	C
Larimus effulgens Gilbert, 1898	PD	TEP	1, 2, 9, CPUM	C
Menticirrhus elongatus (Günther, 1864)	E	SP, TEP	2, CPUM	C
Menticirrhus nasus (Günther, 1868)		TEP	2, CPUM, CNPE-IBUNAM	C
Menticirrhus panamensis (Steindachner, 1875)		TEP	1, 2
Menticirrhus undulatus (Girard, 1854)	PD	SP, TEP	1, CPUM	C
Micropogonias altipinnis (Günther, 1864)		TEP	2
*Micropogonias ectenes (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	PD	SP, TEP	CPUM	C
Micropogonias megalops (Jordan & Gilbert, 1884)		CP, MP	1
Odontoscion xanthops Gilbert, 1898	R	TEP	2, CPUM
Ophioscion imiceps (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)		MP, PP	2, ICMYL, CNPE-IBUNAM
Ophioscion scierus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1884)		MP, PP	2, ICMYL
*Ophioscion strabo Gilbert, 1897		TEP	ICMYL
*Ophioscion typicus Gill, 1863		TEP	CNPE-IBUNAM
*Ophioscion vermicularis (Günther, 1867)	PD	MP, PP	CPUM	C
*Pareques fuscovittatus (Kendall & Radcliffe, 1912)	R	MP	6, CPUM
Umbrina bussingi López S., 1980	PD	MP, PP	1, 9, CPUM, ICMYL	C
Umbrina dorsalis Gill, 1862	R, E	TEP	2, 12, CPUM
Umbrina xanti Gill, 1862	R, E	SP, TEP	1, 2, CPUM	C
FAMILY POLYNEMIDAE
Polydactylus approximans (Lay & Bennett, 1839)	E	TEP	1, 2, 9, CPUM, SIO, CNPE-IBUNAM	C
Polydactylus opercularis (Gill, 1863)	E	SP, TEP	1, 2, 8, CPUM	C
FAMILY MULLIDAE
Mulloidichthys dentatus (Gill, 1862)	R	TEP	2, 6, CPUM, ICMYL	C
Pseudupeneus grandisquamis (Gill, 1863)	R	TEP	1, 2, 9, CPUM, CNPE-IBUNAM	C
FAMILY KYPHOSIDAE
Kyphosus analogus (Gill, 1862)	R	TEP	2, 4, CPUM	C
Kyphosus elegans (Peters, 1869)	R	TEP	2, 4, 5, CPUM	C
Kyphosus ocyurus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	R	CT	1, 2, CPUM, SIO, ICMYL	C
FAMILY CHAETODONTIDAE
Chaetodon humeralis Günther, 1860	PM, R	TEP	1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, CPUM
Johnrandallia nigrirostris (Gill, 1862)	PM, R	SP, TEP	2, 6, CPUM	I
FAMILY POMACANTHIDAE
Holacanthus passer Valenciennes, 1846	R	TEP	2, 6, CPUM
Pomacanthus zonipectus (Gill, 1862)	R	SP, TEP	1, 2, 6, 9, CPUM, ICMYL
FAMILY CIRRHITIDAE
Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1855)	R	TEP	2, 6, CPUM
Cirrhitus rivulatus Valenciennes, 1846	PM, R	TEP	2, 4, 5, 6, CPUM
FAMILY MUGILIDAE
Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft, 1882)	E	AA	1, 3, 10, 12, 13, CPUM, ICMYL
*Chaenomugil proboscideus (Günther, 1861)	PM	TEP	CPUM, ICMYL
Mugil cephalus Linneaus, 1758		CT	1, 2
Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836	PM, E	AA	2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, CPUM	C
FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE
*Abudefduf declivifrons (Gill, 1862)	PM, R	TEP	4, 5, CPUM
Abudefduf troschelii (Gill, 1862)	PM, R	SP, TEP	2, 5, 6, CPUM
Chromis atrilobata Gill, 1862	R	TEP	2, 6, CPUM
Microspathodon bairdii (Gill, 1862)	PM, R	TEP	2, 5, CPUM
Microspathodon dorsalis (Gill, 1862)	PM, R	SP, TEP	2, 4, 5, 6, CPUM	I
Stegastes acapulcoensis (Fowler, 1944)	PM, R	MP, PP	2, 5, 6, CPUM
Stegastes flavilatus (Gill, 1862)	PM, R	MP, PP	2, 5, 6, CPUM, ICMYL
Stegastes rectifraenum (Gill, 1862)	PM, R	SP, CP, MP	2, 5, CPUM, ICMYL
FAMILY LABRIDAE
Bodianus diplotaenia (Gill, 1862)	R	SP, TEP	2, 6, CPUM, ICMYL
Halichoeres chierchiae di Caporiacco, 1947	R	TEP	2, 6, CPUM
Halichoeres dispilus (Günther, 1864)	PM, R	TEP	2, 4, 5, 6, CPUM
Halichoeres nicholsi (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	R	TEP	2, 6, CPUM
Halichoeres notospilus (Günther, 1864)	PM, R	TEP	2, 6, CPUM
*Iniistius pavo (Valenciennes, 1840)	R	AP	CPUM
*Novaculichthys taeniourus (Lacepède, 1801)	R	AP	6
*Thalassoma grammaticum Gilbert, 1890	R	TEP	6, CPUM
Thalassoma lucasanum (Gill, 1862)	PM, R	TEP	2, 5, 6, CPUM
FAMILY SCARIDAE
*Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes, 1840)	PD	CT	6, CPUM
*Nicholsina denticulata (Evermann & Radcliffe, 1917)	R	SP, TEP	CPUM
*Scarus compressus (Osburn & Nichols, 1916)	R	TEP	6, CPUM
Scarus perrico Jordan & Gilbert, 1882	R	TEP	2, 6, CPUM	C
FAMILY URANOSCOPIDAE
Astroscopus zephyreus Gilbert & Starks, 1897	PD	SP, TEP	2, CPUM	A
FAMILY TRIPTERYGIIDAE
Axoclinus storeyae (Brock, 1940)	PM, R	CP, MP	2, CPUM
Enneanectes carminalis Jordan & Gilbert, 1882		TEP	2
*Enneanectes glendae Rosemblatt, Miller &Hastings, 2013	R	CP, MP	CPUM
*Enneanectes macrops Rosemblatt, Miller &Hastings, 2013	R	MP	CPUM
FAMILY LABRISOMIDAE
Brockius striatus (Hubbs, 1953)	PM, R	CP, MP	2, CPUM
*Labrisomus multiporosus Hubbs, 1953	PM, R	TEP	CPUM
*Labrisomus xanti Gill, 1860		SP, TEP	ICMYL
Malacoctenus ebisui Springer, 1959	R	TEP	2, CPUM
Malacoctenus hubbsi Springer, 1959	R	TEP	2, 5, CPUM
*Malacoctenus mexicanus Springer, 1959	R	TEP	CPUM
*Malacoctenus tetranemus (Cope, 1877)	PM, R	TEP	CPUM
*Malacoctenus zonifer (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	PM	TEP	CPUM
*Paraclinus mexicanus (Gilbert, 1904)	PM	TEP	CPUM
*Starksia posthon Rosenblatt & Taylor, 1971	R	MP, PP	CPUM
*Starksia spinipenis (Al-Uthman, 1960)	R	CP, MP	CPUM
FAMILY CHAENOPSIDAE
Acanthemblemaria balanorum Brock, 1940		TEP	2
*Acanthemblemaria macrospilus Brock, 1940	R	CP, MP	CPUM
*Coralliozetus boehlkei Stephens, 1963	R	TEP	CPUM
*Ekemblemaria myersi Stephens, 1963	R	TEP	CPUM
*Protemblemaria bicirrus (Hildebrand, 1946)	R	TEP	CPUM
FAMILY DACTYLOSCOPIDAE
Dactyloscopus amnis Miller & Briggs, 1962	E	MP, PP	1, 12, CPUM
FAMILY BLENNIIDAE
*Entomacrodus chiostictus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	PM	TEP	CPUM
*Hypsoblennius brevipinnis (Günther, 1861)	R	TEP	CPUM, SIO, ICMYL
Ophioblennius steindachneri Jordan & Evermann, 1898	PM, R	TEP	2, 5, 6, CPUM, ICMYL
Plagiotremus azaleus (Jordan & Bollman, 1890)	R	TEP	2, 6, CPUM
FAMILY ELEOTRIDAE
Dormitator latifrons (Richardson, 1844)	E	SP, TEP	1, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, CPUM, CNPE-IBUNAM
Eleotris picta Kner, 1863	E	TEP	1, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, CPUM, CNPE-IBUNAM
Gobiomorus maculatus (Günther, 1859)	E	TEP	1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, CPUM, CNPE-IBUNAM
*Gobiomorus polylepis Ginsburg, 1953	E	Brackish	CPUM
FAMILY GOBIIDAE
Awaous banana (Valenciennes, 1837)	E	SP, TEP	3, 8, 12, CPUM
Barbulifer mexicanus Hoese & Larson, 1985		CP, MP	1
*Bathygobius andrei (Sauvage, 1880)	E	MP, PP	CPUM
Bathygobius ramosus Ginsburg, 1947	PM	SP, TEP	1, 2, 5, CPUM, ICMYL
*Bollmannia marginalis Ginsburg, 1939		TEP	9
*Bollmannia stigmatura Gilbert, 1892		TEP	ICMYL
*Coryphopterus urospilus Ginsburg, 1938	R	TEP	CPUM
Ctenogobius sagittula (Günther, 1861)	E	TEP	12, CPUM
*Elacatinus punticulatus (Ginsburg, 1938)	R	TEP	CPUM
Gobionellus microdon (Gilbert, 1892)	E	TEP	1, 3, 7, 10, 12, 13, CPUM
*Gymneleotris seminuda (Günther, 1864)	R	TEP	CPUM
Microgobius miraflorensis Gilbert & Starks, 1904		TEP	1
*Sicydium multipunctatum Regan, 1905	E	Freshwater	CPUM
FAMILY MICRODESMIDAE
Clarkichthys bilineatus (Clark, 1936)	PM	TEP	CPUM
Microdesmus dorsipunctatus Dawson, 1968	E	TEP	12, CPUM
FAMILY EPHIPPIDAE
Chaetodipterus zonatus (Girard, 1858)	R	SP, TEP	1, 3, 8, 9, CPUM	C
Parapsettus panamensis Steindachner, 1876		TEP	1, 3
FAMILY ZANCLIDAE
*Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus, 1758)	R	SP, TEP	6, CPUM
FAMILY ACANTHURIDAE
Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus, 1758)	PM, R	AP	2, 5, 6, CPUM
Acanthurus xanthopterus Valenciennes, 1835	R	AP	2, 6, CPUM	A
Prionurus punctatus Gill, 1862	PM, R	TEP	2, 5, 6, CPUM	A
FAMILY SPHYRAENIDAE
Sphyraena ensis Jordan & Gilbert, 1882	R	TEP	1, 2, CPUM	C
FAMILY TRICHIURIDAE
*Trichiurus nitens Garman, 1899	PD	CT	CPUM	I
FAMILY SCOMBRIDAE
Auxis brachydorax Collette & Aadland 1996		SP, TEP	2
Euthynnus lineatus Kishinouye, 1920	PD	SP, TEP	1, 2, CPUM, SIO	C
Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758)		CT	2
*Sarda orientalis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)	PD	AP	CPUM	C
Scomberomorus sierra Jordan & Starks, 1895	PD	SP, TEP	1, 2, CPUM	C
*Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782	PD	CT	CPUM	C
Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre, 1788)		CT	1
FAMILY ISTIOPHORIDAE
Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw, 1792)		AP	2
FAMILY STROMATEIDAE
Peprilus medius (Peters, 1869)	PD	TEP	2, CPUM	C
*Peprilus snyderi Gilbert & Starks, 1904	PD	SP, TEP	CPUM	C
ORDER PLEURONECTIFORMES
FAMILY PARALICHTHYIDAE
Ancylopsetta dendrítica Gilbert, 1890	PD	TEP	1, 2, 9, CPUM	C
Citharichthys gilberti Jenkins & Evermann, 1889	E	SP, TEP	1, 8, 12, CPUM
*Citharichthys platophrys Gilbert, 1891		TEP	SIO
Cyclopsetta panamensis (Steindachner, 1876)		TEP	1
Cyclopsetta querna (Jordan & Bollman, 1890)	PD	TEP	1, 2, 9, CPUM, SIO	C
Etropus crossotus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882	PD	SP, TEP	1, 2, 9, CPUM, SIO	C
*Etropus ectenes Jordan, 1889	PD	SP, TEP	CPUM, SIO
Etropus peruvianus Hildebrand, 1946		TEP	1
Hippoglossina tetrophthalma (Gilbert, 1890)		TEP	2
Paralichthys woolmani Jordan & Williams, 1897	D	TEP	1, 2, 9, CPUM, ICMYL	C
Syacium latifrons (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	PD	SP, TEP	1, 9, CPUM	C
*Syacium longidorsale Murakami & Amaoka, 1992		PP	CIBNOR
Syacium ovale (Günther, 1864)	PD	TEP	1, 2, 9, CPUM, ICMYL	C
FAMILY BOTHIDAE
Bothus constellatus (Jordan, 1889)	PD	TEP	1, 2, 9, CPUM	A
*Bothus leopardinus (Günther, 1862)		TEP	9
Engyophrys sanctilaurentii Jordan & Bollman, 1890		TEP	1, SIO
FAMILY ACHIRIDAE
Achirus klunzingeri (Steindachner, 1879)	E	MP, PP	12, CPUM
Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner, 1869)	E	TEP	1, 7, 12, CPUM
Achirus scutum (Günther, 1862)	E	TEP	1, CPUM
Trinectes fonsecensis (Günther, 1862)	E	TEP	1, 9, 10, 12, 13, CPUM	I
FAMILY CYNOGLOSSIDAE
Symphurus atricaudus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880)		CP, MP	1
*Symphurus callopterus Munroe & Mahadeva, 1989		TEP	CAS
Symphurus elongatus (Günther, 1868)	PD	SP, TEP	1, CPUM	I
*Symphurus leei Jordan & Bollman, 1890		MP, PP	9, SIO, ICMYL
ORDER TETRADONTIFORMES
FAMILY BALISTIDAE
Balistes polylepis Steindachner, 1876	R	SP, TEP	1, 2, 4, 6, 9, CPUM
*Canthidermis maculata (Bloch, 1786)	R	CT	CPUM
Pseudobalistes naufragium (Jordan & Starks, 1895)	R	SP, TEP	2, 8, CPUM
Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille, 1804)	PD	AP	11, CPUM
Sufflamen verres (Gilbert & Starks, 1904)	R	SP, TEP	2, 4, 6, CPUM	C
FAMILY MONACANTHIDAE
*Aluterus monoceros (Linnaeus, 1758)	R	CT	9, CPUM	C
Aluterus scriptus (Osbeck, 1765)	R	CT	1, 6, CPUM- photo
FAMILY OSTRACIIDAE
Ostracion meleagris Shaw, 1796	R	AP	2, 6, CPUM
FAMILY TETRAODONTIDAE
*Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758)	R	CT	CPUM, ICMYL
Arothron meleagris (Lacèpede, 1798)	R	CT	2, 6, CPUM	I
**Canthigaster janthinoptera (Bleeker, 1855)	R	AP	CPUM
Canthigaster punctatissima (Günther, 1870)	R	TEP	2, 6, CPUM
*Lagocephalus lagocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)		CT	9
*Sphoeroides sechurae Hildebrand, 1946	R	TEP	9, CPUM	A
Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns, 1842)	R, E	SP, TEP	1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, CPUM, SIO
Sphoeroides lobatus (Steindachner, 1870)	R	TEP	2, 6, CPUM	I
FAMILY DIODONTIDAE
Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus, 1758	R	CT	2, 6, 8, 9, CPUM
Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758	R	CT	1, 2, 4, 6, 9, CPUM	I

* New record for the state of Michoacan. **New record for the Mexico. Collection habitat: , , , . Zoogeographical affinity: , , , , , . Record from literature: Castro-Aguirre et al. 2006 (1), Madrid-Vera et al. 1998 (2), Medina-Nava et al. 2005 (3), Galván-Torres 1989 (4), Aguirre-Villaseñor 1991 (5), Domínguez-Domínguez 1998 (6), González-Luna 2000 (7), Madrigal-Guridi 2006 (8), Sánchez-Aguilar 2007 (9), Sandoval-Huerta et al. 2012 (10), Palacios-Morales et al. 2014 (11), Sandoval-Huerta et al. 2014 (12), Sandoval-Huerta et al. 2015 (13). Records from , , , , the and . Fishery importance: personal consumption (A), commercial use (C) and discarded (I).

Reef

rocky intertidal or tidal pool

estuary

demersal

pelagic-demersal

Circumtropical

Amphiamerican

Transpacific

San Diegan province

Cortés province

Mexican province

Panamic province

Fish Collection of Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

Fish Collection of the Institute of Biology of the National Autonomous University of Mexico

fish collection of Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología

fish collection of California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco California, E.U.A.

Marine Vertebrate Collection of Scrippps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, California

fish collection of Biological Research Center Northwest S.C.

Of the total identified species, 69% were collected and deposited at the CPUM, 22% were obtained from literature records, 7.5% from the review of museum specimens, and 1% from databases of ichthyological collections (Table 1). In addition, seven species were recorded through video and photographic evidence: Del Moral Flores, Ramírez-Antonio, Angulo y Pérez-Ponce de León, 2015, PageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreak (Linnaeus, 1758), (Euphrasen, 1790), (Herre, 1935), Linnaeus, 1758, (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882), and (Lacepède, 1801). Of the 436 species, 131 were new records for the Michoacán State, and (Bleeker, 1855) was a new record for Mexico (Table 1).

For the specimens collected during field trips, some were collected from a single habitat type: 123 (40%) were collected in reefs, 57 (19%) in the pelagic-demersal zone, 46 (15%) in estuarine zones, 17 (6%) in the demersal zones, and 14 (5%) in rocky intertidal zones. Forty-seven species were collected in more than one habitat type (Table 1 and Fig. 2).

Figure 2.

Percent of species collected in each habitat.

The artisanal fishery captures yielded 154 species. The families with the highest number of species were (17), (15), (13), (10), and (7). Of these, 104 (68%) were commercially valuable, 23 (15%) were used for direct consumption or as bait. Twenty-seven (18%) were bycatch, that are normally rejected and thrown back (Fig. 3).

Figure 3.

Classification of commercial importance of the species captured in the Michoacán coastal fisheries.

Forty-six (11%) of the species were circumtropical, 27 (6%) transpacific, and seven (2%) amphi-American; whereas 350 (81%) belonged to the TEP. Of these 77 PageBreak(18%) were widely distributed from the San Diegan province to the Panamic province, and 3 (1%) from the San Diegan province to the Mexican province. The largest number of species, 216 (49.2%), were found in the three provinces of the TEP; 15 PageBreak(3%) were restricted to the Cortez and the Mexican provinces; 35 (8%) were limited to the Mexican and Panamic provinces; and 2 (0.5%) were endemic to the Mexican province (Fig. 4). Six species collected in the estuarine ecosystems occurred in fresh or brackish water habitats and were not included in the marine biogeographical affinity categories: Ginsburg, 1953 (brackish), Regan, 1905, Briggs & Miller, 1960, and Jordan, 1889 (fresh water). The introduced species (Weber, 1991) and Linnaeus, 1758 were also omitted.

Figure 4.

Biogeographic affinity of the fish fauna recorded on the Michoacán Coast. TEP; CT; AP; AA; SP; CP; MP; PP.

, Tropical Eastern Pacific

, Circumtropical

, Transpacific species

, Amphi-American species

, San Diegan province

, Cortez province

, Mexican province

, Panamic province

Discussion

The present checklist represents the most updated and comprehensive systematic list of fishes recorded from the coast of the Mexican State of Michoacán. Of the species cataloged, 30% were first records for this State. The highest proportion of cataloged species was collected in reefs (40%). The pelagic zone accounted for 24% of the species collected, indicated a requirement for future studies of the demersal and pelagic PageBreakzones with increased sampling effort (Fig. 2). The highest number of new records for Michoacán was found in reefs, chiefly species exhibiting cryptic behavior (Table 1). This could be related to the sampling methods employed, which had not been previously used; the few previously reported species with cryptic behavior were primarily bycatch (Madrid-Vera 1998, Castro-Aguirre et al. 2006, Moncayo-Estrada et al. 2006, Chávez-Comparan 2008, Márquez-Espinoza 2012). Another source of new species records from Michoacán was the intertidal zone (Table 1), for which no published records are available. In general, the number of species in the area may be increased if sampling effort is expanded and records from shrimp and tuna bycatches are included. A new record was obtained for Mexico, two specimens of (Bleeker, 1855) were collected from Barco Hundido del Faro de Bucerias (CPUM 4532, ), which identification was corroborated by BLAST (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank) and by boldsystems (http://www.boldsystems.org), searches showing 99% similarity in the to specimens identified as from the south Tropical Eastern Pacific and the Indo-Pacific Ocean (GenBank accession numbers: KX505745 and KX505746). One specimen of (Sauvage, 1880) () was also reported in the Chuta estuary (CPUM 3296, ), representing an extension of its previously known northern distribution limit of the coast of Chiapas (Gómez-González et al. 2012). One specimen of (Valenciennes, 1840) was collected from rocky reef in Faro de Bucerias location (), extending its extension range in the TEP.

cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene

In artisanal fishing (Fig. 3), the species considered to have the highest economic value belong chiefly to (e.g. , (Bloch, 1787)), (e.g. , (Steindachner, 1869)), (e.g. , (Jordan & Bollman, 1890)), (e.g. , Gill, 1863), and (e.g. , (Jenyns, 1840)) (Table 1). Most of the elasmobranch capture, with the exception of the fins, is considered of low economic value. A high number of neonatal and juvenile hammerhead sharks ( sp.), were captured, as well as pregnant Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, (Cooper, 1863), and spp. In general, the elasmobranchs, due to their unique biological and ecological characteristics, present low population growth and are considered highly vulnerable (Frisk et al. 2005, Hutchings et al. 2012). We accordingly recommend review and enforcement of the relevant legislation.

Bycatch in commercial fishing is frequently used for personal consumption, bait (~50%), or discarded (Fig. 3). Species with no current market value may have high nutrient value; hence the number of species with potential to be commercialized is underestimated. In offshore fisheries, these species often have commercial value. For instance, (Jordan & Starks, 1895) reaches 35.6 cm and is marketed in regions such as Baja California. Garman, 1899 supports a small fishery in the central portion of the littoral zone of Ecuador (pers. obs. Romero-Gallardo), whereas, in Michoacán, this species is not used for human consumption.

It was observed that 49% of the listed species are reported as also occurring throughout the three TEP provinces, with 8% of the species reported only in the Panamic and Mexican provinces, being mostly of tropical affinity, agreeing with previous fish fauna surveys in the area (Castro-Aguirre et al. 2006, Moncayo-Estrada 2006). The presence of 81 species (19%) with affinity to the San Diegan province (Fig. 4), a temperate-warm zone, reflects the dynamics of the current flow system of the Michoacán coast, reaffirming this region as a transition zone.

Although visual censuses and photo identification of fish species is widely used for the study of richness, diversity, and ecology of marine habitats (Aguilar-Palomino 2002, Palacios-Salgado 2005, Galván-Villa 2016), it is necessary to rely on reference organisms for taxonomic corroboration. A high proportion of small, nocturnal, or ecologically cryptic species may not be counted in a visual census, especially when the fish fauna of the area under study is not well known, as is the case for the Michoacán State.

The collections obtained in the present study enriched the records of the CPUM collection by 19%, since the majority of marine species previously collected remain in collections outside of Michoacán. Many species reported in this study as new records (Table 1) were included by Robertson and Allen (2015), although these authors listed them in the littoral zone of Michoacán coastline only as potential distribution based on habitat suitability. We have confirmed the distribution of such fish, as exemplified by the first formal record of 24 ecologically cryptic species. Our work expanded on the most complete fish fauna checklist previously available for the area by 32.5% (Madrid et al. 1998) and will undoubtedly represent important input for decisions about conservation and management of the coastal area of Michoacán State.