Ester Cerin1, Stephanie R Rainey-Smith2, David Ames3, Nicola T Lautenschlager4, S Lance Macaulay5, Christopher Fowler6, Joanne S Robertson6, Christopher C Rowe7, Paul Maruff8, Ralph N Martins2, Colin L Masters6, Kathryn A Ellis4. 1. Institute for Health and Ageing, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: ecerin@hku.hk. 2. Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. 3. Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. 4. Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. 5. CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. 6. The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. 7. Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia. 8. The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Cogstate Ltd., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: "Walkable" neighborhoods offer older adults opportunities for activities that may benefit cognition-related biological mechanisms. These have not previously been examined in this context. METHODS: We objectively assessed neighborhood walkability for participants (n = 146) from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle study with apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and two 18-month-apart brain volumetric and/or amyloid β burden assessments. Linear mixed models estimated associations of neighborhood walkability with levels and changes in brain imaging outcomes, the moderating effect of APOE ε4 status, and the extent to which associations were explained by physical activity. RESULTS: Cross-sectionally, neighborhood walkability was predictive of better neuroimaging outcomes except for left hippocampal volume. These associations were to a small extent explained by physical activity. APOE ε4 carriers showed slower worsening of outcomes if living in walkable neighborhoods. DISCUSSION: These findings indicate associations between neighborhood walkability and brain imaging measures (especially in APOE ε4 carriers) minimally attributable to physical activity.
INTRODUCTION: "Walkable" neighborhoods offer older adults opportunities for activities that may benefit cognition-related biological mechanisms. These have not previously been examined in this context. METHODS: We objectively assessed neighborhood walkability for participants (n = 146) from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle study with apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and two 18-month-apart brain volumetric and/or amyloid β burden assessments. Linear mixed models estimated associations of neighborhood walkability with levels and changes in brain imaging outcomes, the moderating effect of APOE ε4 status, and the extent to which associations were explained by physical activity. RESULTS: Cross-sectionally, neighborhood walkability was predictive of better neuroimaging outcomes except for left hippocampal volume. These associations were to a small extent explained by physical activity. APOE ε4 carriers showed slower worsening of outcomes if living in walkable neighborhoods. DISCUSSION: These findings indicate associations between neighborhood walkability and brain imaging measures (especially in APOE ε4 carriers) minimally attributable to physical activity.
Keywords:
Amyloid beta depositions; Apolipoprotein E genotype; Brain volumetric measures; Community dwellers; Enriched environment; Hippocampus; Place of residence; Walkability
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