[Efficacy of early neurological and neurosurgical rehabilitation : Evidence-based treatment, outcome and prognostic factors].

BACKGROUND: Early neurological and neurosurgical rehabilitation (ENNR) as a complex post-acute form of treatment for patients with severe neurological diseases and continued need for intensive care is well established in Germany.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of ENNR from the perspective of evidence-based medicine as well as to present data on the outcome of ENNR patients including the analysis of prognostic factors.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A search was carried out in PubMed databases to identify early rehabilitation treatment forms evaluated by randomized controlled trials and with respect to large multicenter surveys of outcome and prognostic factors.
RESULTS: For ENNR as a complex treatment concept, effectiveness not has been shown with regard to evidence-based medicine but it includes individually effective treatment forms. In two large multicenter evaluations the average duration of treatment was between 51 and 57 days and mortality was between 6 % and 10 %, increasing with the proportion of mechanically ventilated patients. Lower need for nursing support on admission indicated better outcome, whereas mechanical ventilation was more likely to be associated with poor outcome. Long-term outcome was negatively influenced by mechanical ventilation as well as severe neurogenic dysphagia with and without the need for a tracheal cannula and/or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and also by severely impaired communication at the end of ENNR. DISCUSSION: These prognostic factors indicate the primary aims of ENNR, which are to reduce the need for nursing support and to establish the capability for rehabilitation. If these aims are achieved, favorable functional and long-term outcome can be expected for ENNR patients. The presented studies verify the sustained efficacy of ENNR as an essential part of the overall treatment concept for severely neurologically impaired patients.