Recombination Rate Variation, Hitchhiking, and Demographic History Shape Deleterious Load in Poplar.

Deleterious alleles are expected to be purged by purifying selection or maintained at low frequency. However, many additional evolutionary forces may shape the pattern of deleterious mutations across the genome and among populations, including selection, hitchhiking, recombination, and demographic history. We used exome capture data to estimate the genome-wide distribution of deleterious alleles across natural populations of the model tree black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). Although deleterious alleles were on average present at low frequency suggesting purifying selection, they were preferentially enriched both within genomic regions of low-recombination and in regions showing evidence of positive selection. The demographic history of this species also appeared to play a role in the distribution of deleterious alleles among populations, with peripheral populations having higher rates of deleterious homozygosity. This be due to less efficient selection arising from smaller effective population sizes at the edges of the range, and possibly also due to recent bottlenecks associated with postglacial recolonization. Finally, correlations between deleterious homozygosity and plant growth suggest a significant effect of deleterious load on fitness. Our results show that both genomic context and historical demography play a role in shaping the distribution of deleterious alleles across the genome and range of P. trichocarpa.