A Rogier van der Velde1, Wouter C Meijers1, Edwin R van den Heuvel2, Stephan J Bakker3, Wiek H van Gilst1, Pim van der Harst1, Hans Hillege1, Rudolf A de Boer4. 1. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands. 2. Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. 3. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nephrology, Groningen, The Netherlands. 4. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: r.a.de.boer@umcg.nl.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: High baseline galectin-3 levels are associated with increased risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in the general population, but determinants of changes in galectin-3 levels over time have not been established. Therefore, we aimed to identify determinants of (temporal) change in galectin-3 levels. METHODS: Galectin-3 plasma levels were measured in a large community based cohort (PREVEND study) at 3 different time points: at baseline, after ~4 and ~9years. The association of baseline clinical and biochemical factors and (temporal) changes in galectin-3 level was assessed using multivariable mixed-effects regression modeling. RESULTS: In 4355 subjects, galectin-3 plasma levels were available at all time points (mean age: 48±12years; 50% female). Median galectin-3 level at baseline was 10.7 [8.9-12.7] ng/mL which gradually increased to 11.5 [9.4-14.3] ng/mL after ~9years. Using mixed-effects regression modeling, we first validated as independent determinants of baseline circulating galectin-3: eGFR (chi square (χ(2)):210.27, p<0.0001), gender (χ(2):43.85; p<0.0001), BMI (χ(2):19.68, p=0.0001), NT-proBNP (χ(2):18.76, p=0.0001) and serum (total) cholesterol (χ(2):8.63, p=0.01). Furthermore, we identified urinary albumin excretion (χ(2):34.03, p-value: <0.0001) and systolic blood pressure (χ(2):16.81, p=0.002) as independent determinants of temporal changes of galectin-3. CONCLUSIONS: In the general population, urinary albumin excretion >30mg/24h and systolic blood pressure >170mmHg were identified as significant determinants of dynamic increases in galectin-3 levels over time. These results implicate that treatment of high blood pressure might be effective to prevent increasing galectin-3 levels and its associated conditions.
BACKGROUND: High baseline galectin-3 levels are associated with increased risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in the general population, but determinants of changes in galectin-3 levels over time have not been established. Therefore, we aimed to identify determinants of (temporal) change in galectin-3 levels. METHODS:Galectin-3 plasma levels were measured in a large community based cohort (PREVEND study) at 3 different time points: at baseline, after ~4 and ~9years. The association of baseline clinical and biochemical factors and (temporal) changes in galectin-3 level was assessed using multivariable mixed-effects regression modeling. RESULTS: In 4355 subjects, galectin-3 plasma levels were available at all time points (mean age: 48±12years; 50% female). Median galectin-3 level at baseline was 10.7 [8.9-12.7] ng/mL which gradually increased to 11.5 [9.4-14.3] ng/mL after ~9years. Using mixed-effects regression modeling, we first validated as independent determinants of baseline circulating galectin-3: eGFR (chi square (χ(2)):210.27, p<0.0001), gender (χ(2):43.85; p<0.0001), BMI (χ(2):19.68, p=0.0001), NT-proBNP (χ(2):18.76, p=0.0001) and serum (total) cholesterol (χ(2):8.63, p=0.01). Furthermore, we identified urinary albumin excretion (χ(2):34.03, p-value: <0.0001) and systolic blood pressure (χ(2):16.81, p=0.002) as independent determinants of temporal changes of galectin-3. CONCLUSIONS: In the general population, urinary albumin excretion >30mg/24h and systolic blood pressure >170mmHg were identified as significant determinants of dynamic increases in galectin-3 levels over time. These results implicate that treatment of high blood pressure might be effective to prevent increasing galectin-3 levels and its associated conditions.
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