OBJECTIVE: Since the 1960s, multiple studies have reported a tendency toward hypertelorism in individuals with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (OFCs). However, the association between specific cleft types and increased interorbital distance has been inconsistent. Using three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging, we tested whether different forms of clefting showed evidence of increased interorbital distance. METHODS: Intercanthal and outercanthal distances and intercanthal indices were calculated from 3D facial surface images of 287 individuals with repaired OFCs. Raw measurements were converted to sex and age-normalized Z-scores. Mean Z-scores for individuals with cleft lip (CL), cleft lip and palate (CLP), and cleft palate (CP) were compared with reference normative values (controls) and one another directly using t tests and analysis of variance. RESULTS: The CLP group showed a significant increase in intercanthal width (P = .001) and intercanthal index (P < .001) compared with reference norms. The CP group showed a significant decrease (P < .001) in outercanthal width. The CL group showed no difference from reference norms. The proportion of clinically hyperteloric individuals was generally low but highest in the CLP group (7.4%). Cleft severity had little effect on interorbital spacing. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with CLP exhibited on average a tendency toward mild hypertelorism, driven primarily by an increase in intercanthal distance. This tendency was not seen in CL or CP.
OBJECTIVE: Since the 1960s, multiple studies have reported a tendency toward hypertelorism in individuals with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (OFCs). However, the association between specific cleft types and increased interorbital distance has been inconsistent. Using three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging, we tested whether different forms of clefting showed evidence of increased interorbital distance. METHODS: Intercanthal and outercanthal distances and intercanthal indices were calculated from 3D facial surface images of 287 individuals with repaired OFCs. Raw measurements were converted to sex and age-normalized Z-scores. Mean Z-scores for individuals with cleft lip (CL), cleft lip and palate (CLP), and cleft palate (CP) were compared with reference normative values (controls) and one another directly using t tests and analysis of variance. RESULTS: The CLP group showed a significant increase in intercanthal width (P = .001) and intercanthal index (P < .001) compared with reference norms. The CP group showed a significant decrease (P < .001) in outercanthal width. The CL group showed no difference from reference norms. The proportion of clinically hyperteloric individuals was generally low but highest in the CLP group (7.4%). Cleft severity had little effect on interorbital spacing. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with CLP exhibited on average a tendency toward mild hypertelorism, driven primarily by an increase in intercanthal distance. This tendency was not seen in CL or CP.
Authors: Seth M Weinberg; Zachary D Raffensperger; Matthew J Kesterke; Carrie L Heike; Michael L Cunningham; Jacqueline T Hecht; Chung How Kau; Jeffrey C Murray; George L Wehby; Lina M Moreno; Mary L Marazita Journal: Cleft Palate Craniofac J Date: 2015-10-22
Authors: Fedik Rahimov; Mary L Marazita; Axel Visel; Margaret E Cooper; Michael J Hitchler; Michele Rubini; Frederick E Domann; Manika Govil; Kaare Christensen; Camille Bille; Mads Melbye; Astanand Jugessur; Rolv T Lie; Allen J Wilcox; David R Fitzpatrick; Eric D Green; Peter A Mossey; Julian Little; Regine P Steegers-Theunissen; Len A Pennacchio; Brian C Schutte; Jeffrey C Murray Journal: Nat Genet Date: 2008-10-05 Impact factor: 38.330
Authors: Maria J Knol; Mikolaj A Pawlak; Sander Lamballais; Natalie Terzikhan; Edith Hofer; Ziyi Xiong; Caroline C W Klaver; Lukas Pirpamer; Meike W Vernooij; M Arfan Ikram; Reinhold Schmidt; Manfred Kayser; Tavia E Evans; Hieab H H Adams Journal: Hum Mol Genet Date: 2022-05-04 Impact factor: 5.121