Kai Ling Chin1, Nur Eliyana Mohd Redhuan2, Prabha Balaram3, Kia Kien Phua4, Eugene Boon Beng Ong5. 1. PhD Student, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains , Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia . 2. PhD Student, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan , Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia . 3. Former Professor, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains , Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia . 4. Professor, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains , Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia . 5. Lecturer, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains , Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia .
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) haemolysin E protein (HlyE) has been shown to be a sensitive and specific antigen for the detection of typhoid fever through the detection of anti-HlyE antibodies in sera. Saliva can also be a useful diagnostic fluid as it also contains antibodies against bacterial pathogens. AIM: This study aims to evaluate the potential detection of salivary anti-HlyE antibodies as a diagnosis of typhoid fever. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Saliva was collected from acute typhoid patients (n=16) who presented at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia with prolonged fever of more than five days and were positive for S. Typhi blood culture. Saliva was also collected from convalescent typhoid patients (n=11), patients with other febrile fevers (n=15), and from healthy individuals (n=25). An ELISA was developed to detect the presence of IgA antibodies against HlyE in the saliva of typhoid patients. RESULTS: The acute typhoid group had a higher mean absorbance value of 1.496 compared to the convalescent typhoid (0.538), other febrile fevers (0.678), and healthy individuals (0.457) group. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the utility of salivary anti-HlyE IgA antibody as a biomarker for the diagnosis of typhoid fever. Follow-up studies with a larger sample size will allow the optimization of the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. This non-invasive method can be useful for mass screening programs.
INTRODUCTION: The Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) haemolysin E protein (HlyE) has been shown to be a sensitive and specific antigen for the detection of typhoid fever through the detection of anti-HlyE antibodies in sera. Saliva can also be a useful diagnostic fluid as it also contains antibodies against bacterial pathogens. AIM: This study aims to evaluate the potential detection of salivary anti-HlyE antibodies as a diagnosis of typhoid fever. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Saliva was collected from acute typhoid patients (n=16) who presented at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia with prolonged fever of more than five days and were positive for S. Typhi blood culture. Saliva was also collected from convalescent typhoid patients (n=11), patients with other febrile fevers (n=15), and from healthy individuals (n=25). An ELISA was developed to detect the presence of IgA antibodies against HlyE in the saliva of typhoidpatients. RESULTS: The acute typhoid group had a higher mean absorbance value of 1.496 compared to the convalescent typhoid (0.538), other febrile fevers (0.678), and healthy individuals (0.457) group. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the utility of salivary anti-HlyE IgA antibody as a biomarker for the diagnosis of typhoid fever. Follow-up studies with a larger sample size will allow the optimization of the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. This non-invasive method can be useful for mass screening programs.
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