Patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infant: Basic pathology and when to treat.

The incidence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature neonates varies according to the gestational age and respiratory status. Failure of PDA closure in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome results in a left to right shunt across the duct which may lead to pulmonary congestion and deterioration in respiratory status. Although indomethacin and ibuprofen are the main stay of medical treatment, conservative approach by restricted fluid and applying continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may be effective in prevention of PDA without complication. The daily clinical round debate on how to diagnose, when, and how to treat PDA in preterm neonates will be discussed with details in this review.