Brian L Brooks1,2,3, Rebekah Mannix4, Bruce Maxwell5, Ross Zafonte6,7, Paul D Berkner8, Grant L Iverson7,9,10,11. 1. Neurosciences Program (Brain Injury and Rehabilitation), Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada brian.brooks@albertahealthservices.ca. 2. Departments of Paediatrics, Clinical Neurosciences, and Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 3. Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 4. Division of Emergency Medicine, Brain Injury Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 5. Department of Computer Science, Colby College, Waterville, Maine, USA. 6. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 7. Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 8. Health Services and Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine, USA. 9. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 10. Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 11. Sport Concussion Program, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is increasing concern about the possible long-term effects of multiple concussions, particularly on the developing adolescent brain. Whether the effect of multiple concussions is detectable in high school football players has not been well studied, although the public health implications are great in this population. PURPOSE: To determine if there are measureable differences in cognitive functioning or symptom reporting in high school football players with a history of multiple concussions. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Participants included 5232 male adolescent football players (mean [±SD] age, 15.5 ± 1.2 years) who completed baseline testing between 2009 and 2014. On the basis of injury history, athletes were grouped into 0 (n = 4183), 1 (n = 733), 2 (n = 216), 3 (n = 67), or ≥4 (n = 33) prior concussions. Cognitive functioning was measured by the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) battery, and symptom ratings were obtained from the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between groups (based on the number of reported concussions) regarding cognitive functioning. Athletes with ≥3 prior concussions reported more symptoms than did athletes with 0 or 1 prior injury. In multivariate analyses, concussion history was independently related to symptom reporting but less so than developmental problems (eg, attention or learning problems) or other health problems (eg, past treatment for psychiatric problems, headaches, or migraines). CONCLUSION: In the largest study to date, high school football players with multiple past concussions performed the same on cognitive testing as those with no prior concussions. Concussion history was one of several factors that were independently related to symptom reporting.
BACKGROUND: There is increasing concern about the possible long-term effects of multiple concussions, particularly on the developing adolescent brain. Whether the effect of multiple concussions is detectable in high school football players has not been well studied, although the public health implications are great in this population. PURPOSE: To determine if there are measureable differences in cognitive functioning or symptom reporting in high school football players with a history of multiple concussions. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS:Participants included 5232 male adolescent football players (mean [±SD] age, 15.5 ± 1.2 years) who completed baseline testing between 2009 and 2014. On the basis of injury history, athletes were grouped into 0 (n = 4183), 1 (n = 733), 2 (n = 216), 3 (n = 67), or ≥4 (n = 33) prior concussions. Cognitive functioning was measured by the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) battery, and symptom ratings were obtained from the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between groups (based on the number of reported concussions) regarding cognitive functioning. Athletes with ≥3 prior concussions reported more symptoms than did athletes with 0 or 1 prior injury. In multivariate analyses, concussion history was independently related to symptom reporting but less so than developmental problems (eg, attention or learning problems) or other health problems (eg, past treatment for psychiatric problems, headaches, or migraines). CONCLUSION: In the largest study to date, high school football players with multiple past concussions performed the same on cognitive testing as those with no prior concussions. Concussion history was one of several factors that were independently related to symptom reporting.
Authors: Michael W Collins; Mark R Lovell; Grant L Iverson; Robert C Cantu; Joseph C Maroon; Melvin Field Journal: Neurosurgery Date: 2002-11 Impact factor: 4.654
Authors: Susanne Meares; E Arthur Shores; Alan J Taylor; Jennifer Batchelor; Richard A Bryant; Ian J Baguley; Jennifer Chapman; Joseph Gurka; Jeno E Marosszeky Journal: Neuropsychology Date: 2011-07 Impact factor: 3.295
Authors: R J Elbin; Anthony P Kontos; Nate Kegel; Eric Johnson; Scott Burkhart; Philip Schatz Journal: Arch Clin Neuropsychol Date: 2013-04-21 Impact factor: 2.813
Authors: Steven P Broglio; Jaroslaw Harezlak; Barry Katz; Shi Zhao; Thomas McAllister; Michael McCrea Journal: Sports Med Date: 2019-12 Impact factor: 11.136
Authors: Brett S Gunn; Thomas W McAllister; Michael A McCrea; Steven P Broglio; R Davis Moore Journal: J Neurotrauma Date: 2022-01-31 Impact factor: 5.269
Authors: K Linnea Welton; Matthew J Kraeutler; Lauren A Pierpoint; Justin H Bartley; Eric C McCarty; R Dawn Comstock Journal: Orthop J Sports Med Date: 2018-01-02
Authors: J Chance Miller; Kenneth Shubin Stein; Tyler J Moon; David P Trofa; Hamish Kerr; Thomas Bottiglieri; C S Ahmad Journal: Orthop J Sports Med Date: 2021-01-20
Authors: Grant L Iverson; Andrew J Gardner; Douglas P Terry; Jennie L Ponsford; Allen K Sills; Donna K Broshek; Gary S Solomon Journal: Br J Sports Med Date: 2017-06 Impact factor: 13.800