Structural and mechanistic diversity of multidrug transporters.

Covering: 2009 to mid 2016Multidrug transporters are common and prevalent in all orders of life, having diverse functions from the removal of toxins, resistance to cytotoxins, and the transport of specific eluents. In addition, multidrug transporters pose a significant threat to modern medicine. Able to transport structurally diverse small molecule drugs, these transporters are implicated in antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria, as well as chemotherapeutic-resistance cancer cells. Although important in such resistance, a relatively small number of multidrug transporters have been structurally characterized, primarily due to the difficulty in purifying and crystallizing active membrane proteins and protein complexes. This review will cover recent structural breakthroughs in the past six years that have led to increased knowledge of the mechanisms of multidrug transporter chemistry, and the role of these transporters in exporting secondary metabolites.