Single-shot afocal three-dimensional microscopy.

Fourier-basis agile structured illumination sensing (F-BASIS) employs acousto-optically synthesized moving interference patterns, sparse RF-encoded aperture synthesis, nonredundant spatiotemporal frequency multiplexing, and single-pixel detection to measure dense clouds of three-dimensional (3D) Fourier samples without scanning, enabling high-speed focus-free volume microscopy. We present 3D fluorescence imaging results using F-BASIS, including an unprecedented wide-field single-shot volumetric measurement in under 10 ms. The unique capabilities provided by F-BASIS could prove instrumental for capturing fleeting dynamic processes such as neuron signaling in 3D.