Influence of Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue on High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Beam: Experimental Quantification and Numerical Modeling.

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) enables the non-invasive thermal ablation of tumors. However, numerical simulations of the treatment remain complex and difficult to validate in clinically relevant situations. In this context, needle hydrophone measurements of the acoustic field downstream of seven rabbit tissue layers comprising skin, subcutaneous fat and muscle were performed in different geometrical configurations. Increasing curvature and thickness of the sample were found to decrease the focusing of the beam: typically, a curvature of 0.05 mm(-1) decreased the maximum pressure by 45% and doubled the focal area. A numerical model based on k-Wave Toolbox was found to be in very good agreement with the reported measurements. It was used to extrapolate the effect of the superficial tissues on peak positive and peak negative pressure at focus, which affects both cavitation and target heating. The shape of the interface was found to have a strong influence on the values, and it is therefore an important parameter to monitor or to control in the clinical practice. This also highlights the importance of modeling realistic configurations when designing treatment procedures.