Christ-Jan van Ganzewinkel1, Jasper V Been2, Jeanne P Dieleman3, Titia Katgert4, Tera Boelen-van der Loo5, Sylvia M van der Pal6, Monique van Dijk7, Boris W Kramer8, Peter Andriessen9. 1. Department of Pediatrics, division of Neonatology, Máxima Medical Center, De Run 4600, 5504, MB, Veldhoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: c.vanganzewinkel@mmc.nl. 2. Department of Neonatology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, 3015, CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229, HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.been@erasmusmc.nl. 3. MMC Academie; Máxima Medical Center, De Run 4600, 5504, MB, Veldhoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.dieleman@mmc.nl. 4. Department of Psychology, Máxima Medical Center, De Run 4600, 5504, MB, Veldhoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: t.katgert@mmc.nl. 5. TNO Quality of Life, Prevention and Health, Schipholweg 77-89, 2316, ZL, Leiden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: boelen@introweb.nl. 6. TNO Quality of Life, Prevention and Health, Schipholweg 77-89, 2316, ZL, Leiden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: sylvia.vanderpal@tno.nl. 7. Intensive Care, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, 3015, CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.vandijk.3@erasmusmc.nl. 8. Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229, HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: b.kramer@maastrichtuniversity.nl. 9. Department of Pediatrics, division of Neonatology, Máxima Medical Center, De Run 4600, 5504, MB, Veldhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229, HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: p.andriessen@mmc.nl.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Data on long-term consequences of preterm birth on pain coping later in life are limited. AIM: To assess whether gestational age, birth weight and neonatal disease severity have effect on pain coping style in adolescents born preterm or with low birth weight. STUDY DESIGN: Observational, longitudinal study (Project On Preterm and SGA-infants, POPS-19). SUBJECTS: We analyzed data of 537 adolescents at the age of 19 years, who were born at a gestational age <32 weeks or with a birth weight <1500g. OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants completed the pain coping questionnaire (PCQ) that assesses pain coping strategies in three higher-order factors: approach ("to deal with pain"), problem-focused avoidance ("to disengage from pain") and emotion-focused avoidance ("expression of pain"). Furthermore, their pain coping effectiveness, pain controllability and emotional reactions to pain were assessed. All participants completed an IQ test. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed no significant correlation between length of stay, sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis and any of the higher-order factors. Approach was only correlated with IQ. Problem-focused avoidance was, in the multiple regression analysis (including gestational age, IVH and IQ), only correlated with IQ. For emotion-focused avoidance (including birth weight, SGA, IVH, respiratory support and IQ) three independent predictors remained: IVH was positively correlated, while respiratory support and IQ were negatively correlated with emotion-focused avoidance. CONCLUSIONS: Early neonatal characteristics and neonatal disease severity have limited effect on pain coping style in adolescence. Higher IQ was associated with the use of adaptive coping strategies, while maladaptive strategies were used less.
BACKGROUND: Data on long-term consequences of preterm birth on pain coping later in life are limited. AIM: To assess whether gestational age, birth weight and neonatal disease severity have effect on pain coping style in adolescents born preterm or with low birth weight. STUDY DESIGN: Observational, longitudinal study (Project On Preterm and SGA-infants, POPS-19). SUBJECTS: We analyzed data of 537 adolescents at the age of 19 years, who were born at a gestational age <32 weeks or with a birth weight <1500g. OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants completed the pain coping questionnaire (PCQ) that assesses pain coping strategies in three higher-order factors: approach ("to deal with pain"), problem-focused avoidance ("to disengage from pain") and emotion-focused avoidance ("expression of pain"). Furthermore, their pain coping effectiveness, pain controllability and emotional reactions to pain were assessed. All participants completed an IQ test. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed no significant correlation between length of stay, sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis and any of the higher-order factors. Approach was only correlated with IQ. Problem-focused avoidance was, in the multiple regression analysis (including gestational age, IVH and IQ), only correlated with IQ. For emotion-focused avoidance (including birth weight, SGA, IVH, respiratory support and IQ) three independent predictors remained: IVH was positively correlated, while respiratory support and IQ were negatively correlated with emotion-focused avoidance. CONCLUSIONS: Early neonatal characteristics and neonatal disease severity have limited effect on pain coping style in adolescence. Higher IQ was associated with the use of adaptive coping strategies, while maladaptive strategies were used less.
Authors: S M Walker; A Melbourne; H O'Reilly; J Beckmann; Z Eaton-Rosen; S Ourselin; N Marlow Journal: Br J Anaesth Date: 2018-06-19 Impact factor: 9.166