Ayokunle T Abegunde1, Bashir H Muhammad1, Owais Bhatti1, Tauseef Ali1. 1. Ayokunle T Abegunde, Tauseef Ali, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
Abstract
AIM: Advances in genetics and immunology have contributed to the current understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). METHODS: The current opinion on the pathogenesis of IBD suggests that genetically susceptible individuals develop intolerance to dysregulated gut microflora (dysbiosis) and chronic inflammation develops as a result of environmental insults. Environmental exposures are innumerable with varying effects during the life course of individuals with IBD. Studying the relationship between environmental factors and IBD may provide the missing link to increasing our understanding of the etiology and increased incidence of IBD in recent years with implications for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Environmental factors are heterogeneous and genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, or dysbiosis do not lead to the development of IBD in isolation. RESULTS: Current challenges in the study of environmental factors and IBD are how to effectively translate promising results from experimental studies to humans in order to develop models that incorporate the complex interactions between the environment, genetics, immunology, and gut microbiota, and limited high quality interventional studies assessing the effect of modifying environmental factors on the natural history and patient outcomes in IBD. CONCLUSION: This article critically reviews the current evidence on environmental risk factors for IBD and proposes directions for future research.
AIM: Advances in genetics and immunology have contributed to the current understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). METHODS: The current opinion on the pathogenesis of IBD suggests that genetically susceptible individuals develop intolerance to dysregulated gut microflora (dysbiosis) and chronic inflammation develops as a result of environmental insults. Environmental exposures are innumerable with varying effects during the life course of individuals with IBD. Studying the relationship between environmental factors and IBD may provide the missing link to increasing our understanding of the etiology and increased incidence of IBD in recent years with implications for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Environmental factors are heterogeneous and genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, or dysbiosis do not lead to the development of IBD in isolation. RESULTS: Current challenges in the study of environmental factors and IBD are how to effectively translate promising results from experimental studies to humans in order to develop models that incorporate the complex interactions between the environment, genetics, immunology, and gut microbiota, and limited high quality interventional studies assessing the effect of modifying environmental factors on the natural history and patient outcomes in IBD. CONCLUSION: This article critically reviews the current evidence on environmental risk factors for IBD and proposes directions for future research.
Authors: V Nerich; P Jantchou; M-C Boutron-Ruault; E Monnet; A Weill; V Vanbockstael; G-R Auleley; C Balaire; P Dubost; S Rican; H Allemand; F Carbonnel Journal: Aliment Pharmacol Ther Date: 2011-02-20 Impact factor: 8.171
Authors: Tiago Nunes; Maria Josefina Etchevers; Valle García-Sánchez; Daniel Ginard; Eva Martí; Manuel Barreiro-de Acosta; Fernando Gomollón; Maite Arroyo; Guillermo Bastida; Benito Gonzalez; David Monfort; Esther García-Planella; Carolina Figueroa; Julián Panés; Miquel Sans Journal: Am J Gastroenterol Date: 2016-02-09 Impact factor: 10.864
Authors: Gary D Wu; Jun Chen; Christian Hoffmann; Kyle Bittinger; Ying-Yu Chen; Sue A Keilbaugh; Meenakshi Bewtra; Dan Knights; William A Walters; Rob Knight; Rohini Sinha; Erin Gilroy; Kernika Gupta; Robert Baldassano; Lisa Nessel; Hongzhe Li; Frederic D Bushman; James D Lewis Journal: Science Date: 2011-09-01 Impact factor: 47.728
Authors: Liang Zhou; Jared E Lopes; Mark M W Chong; Ivaylo I Ivanov; Roy Min; Gabriel D Victora; Yuelei Shen; Jianguang Du; Yuri P Rubtsov; Alexander Y Rudensky; Steven F Ziegler; Dan R Littman Journal: Nature Date: 2008-03-26 Impact factor: 49.962
Authors: Grace M Hudson; Kyle L Flannigan; Sarah L Erickson; Fernando A Vicentini; Alexandra Zamponi; Christina L Hirota; Laurie Alston; Christophe Altier; Subrata Ghosh; Kevin P Rioux; Sridhar Mani; Thomas K Chang; Simon A Hirota Journal: Br J Pharmacol Date: 2017-04-19 Impact factor: 8.739