Venkatesh Y Anjan1, Howard C Herrmann1, Philippe Pibarot2, William J Stewart3, Samir Kapadia3, E Murat Tuzcu3, Vasilis Babaliaros4, Vinod H Thourani5, Wilson Y Szeto6, Joseph E Bavaria6, Susheel Kodali7, Rebecca T Hahn7, Mathew Williams8, D Craig Miller9, Pamela S Douglas10, Martin B Leon7. 1. Cardiovascular Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 2. Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. 3. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. 4. Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. 5. Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. 6. Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 7. Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York. 8. Division of Cardiac Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York. 9. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California. 10. Department of Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Low-flow (LF) severe aortic stenosis (AS) is an independent predictor of mortality in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR). Little is known about improvement in flow after AVR and its effects on survival. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether higher flow (left-ventricular stroke volume index [LVSVI]) after transcatheter AVR (TAVR) would indicate better clinical outcomes in this at-risk population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A substudy analysis of data from the Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves (PARTNER) randomized clinical trial and continued-access registry was conducted. A total of 984 participants with evaluable echocardiograms and baseline LF AS (LVSVI ≤35 mL/m2) were included. The trial was conducted at 26 sites in the United States and Canada. Patients were stratified after TAVR into tertiles by discharge LVSVI status (severe low flow [SLF], moderate low flow [MLF], and normal flow [(NF]). The present study was conducted from May 11, 2007, to January 9, 2012, with data analysis performed from April 25, 2014, to January 21, 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was all-cause mortality at 1 year. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics of 984 patients with LF AS included mean (SD) age, 84 (7) years; 582 (59.1%) men; mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score, 11.4% (4.0%); and mean LVSVI, 27.6 (5.0) mL/m2. The discharge LVSVI values by group were SLF, 23.1 (3.5) mL/m2; MLF, 31.7 (2.2) mL/m2; and NF, 43.1 (7.0). All-cause mortality at 1 year was SLF, 26.5%; MLF, 20.1%; and NF, 19.6% (P = .045). Mean LVSVI normalized by 6 months in the MLF (35.9 [9.3] mL/m2) and NF (38.8 [11.1] mL/m2) groups, but remained low in the SLF group at 6 months and 1 year (31.4 [8.4] and 33.0 [8.3] mL/m2], respectively) (P < .001 for all groups). Reported as multivariate hazard ratio, mortality at 1 year was higher in the SLF group compared with the other groups (1.61; 95% CI, 1.17-2.23; P = .004). In addition to SLF, sex (1.59; 95% CI, 1.18-2.13; P = .002), presence of atrial fibrillation (1.41; 95% CI, 1.06-1.87; P = .02), STS score (1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06; P = .02), presence of moderate or severe mitral regurgitation at discharge (1.65; 95% CI, 1.21-2.26; P = .001), pre-TAVR mean transvalvular gradient (0.98; 95% CI, 0.97-0.99; P = .004), and effective orifice area index (1.87; 95% CI, 1.09-3.19; P = .02) were independent predictors of 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Severe LF at discharge is associated with an increased risk of mortality following TAVR in patients with severe AS and preexisting LF. The identification of remedial causes of persistent LF after TAVR may represent an opportunity to improve the outcome of these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00530894.
RCT Entities:
IMPORTANCE: Low-flow (LF) severe aortic stenosis (AS) is an independent predictor of mortality in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR). Little is known about improvement in flow after AVR and its effects on survival. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether higher flow (left-ventricular stroke volume index [LVSVI]) after transcatheter AVR (TAVR) would indicate better clinical outcomes in this at-risk population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A substudy analysis of data from the Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves (PARTNER) randomized clinical trial and continued-access registry was conducted. A total of 984 participants with evaluable echocardiograms and baseline LF AS (LVSVI ≤35 mL/m2) were included. The trial was conducted at 26 sites in the United States and Canada. Patients were stratified after TAVR into tertiles by discharge LVSVI status (severe low flow [SLF], moderate low flow [MLF], and normal flow [(NF]). The present study was conducted from May 11, 2007, to January 9, 2012, with data analysis performed from April 25, 2014, to January 21, 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was all-cause mortality at 1 year. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics of 984 patients with LF AS included mean (SD) age, 84 (7) years; 582 (59.1%) men; mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score, 11.4% (4.0%); and mean LVSVI, 27.6 (5.0) mL/m2. The discharge LVSVI values by group were SLF, 23.1 (3.5) mL/m2; MLF, 31.7 (2.2) mL/m2; and NF, 43.1 (7.0). All-cause mortality at 1 year was SLF, 26.5%; MLF, 20.1%; and NF, 19.6% (P = .045). Mean LVSVI normalized by 6 months in the MLF (35.9 [9.3] mL/m2) and NF (38.8 [11.1] mL/m2) groups, but remained low in the SLF group at 6 months and 1 year (31.4 [8.4] and 33.0 [8.3] mL/m2], respectively) (P < .001 for all groups). Reported as multivariate hazard ratio, mortality at 1 year was higher in the SLF group compared with the other groups (1.61; 95% CI, 1.17-2.23; P = .004). In addition to SLF, sex (1.59; 95% CI, 1.18-2.13; P = .002), presence of atrial fibrillation (1.41; 95% CI, 1.06-1.87; P = .02), STS score (1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06; P = .02), presence of moderate or severe mitral regurgitation at discharge (1.65; 95% CI, 1.21-2.26; P = .001), pre-TAVR mean transvalvular gradient (0.98; 95% CI, 0.97-0.99; P = .004), and effective orifice area index (1.87; 95% CI, 1.09-3.19; P = .02) were independent predictors of 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Severe LF at discharge is associated with an increased risk of mortality following TAVR in patients with severe AS and preexisting LF. The identification of remedial causes of persistent LF after TAVR may represent an opportunity to improve the outcome of these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00530894.