Rupal Mehta1, Xuan Cai2, Jungwha Lee2, Julia J Scialla3, Nisha Bansal4, James H Sondheimer5, Jing Chen6, L Lee Hamm6, Ana C Ricardo7, Sankar D Navaneethan8, Rajat Deo9, Mahboob Rahman10, Harold I Feldman11, Alan S Go12, Tamara Isakova1, Myles Wolf1. 1. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois2Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute of Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinbe. 2. Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute of Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. 3. Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. 4. Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. 5. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan. 6. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana. 7. Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago. 8. Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Dan L. Duncan Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. 9. Division of Cardiology, Electrophysiology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 10. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. 11. Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia12Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 12. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Conditions Section, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Clinical Research Unit, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland.
Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are elevated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and strongly associated with left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and death. Whether FGF23 is an independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation in CKD is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of FGF23 with atrial fibrillation in CKD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective cohort study of 3876 individuals with mild to severe CKD who enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study between June 19, 2003, and September 3, 2008, and were followed up through March 31, 2013. EXPOSURES: Baseline plasma FGF23 levels. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Prevalent and incident atrial fibrillation. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 3876 participants. Their mean (SD) age was 57.7 (11.0) years, and 44.8% (1736 of 3876) were female. Elevated FGF23 levels were independently associated with increased odds of prevalent atrial fibrillation (n = 660) after adjustment for cardiovascular and CKD-specific factors (odds ratio of highest vs lowest FGF23 quartile, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.69-3.13; P < .001 for linear trend across quartiles). During a median follow-up of 7.6 years (interquartile range, 6.3-8.6 years), 247 of the 3216 participants who were at risk developed incident atrial fibrillation (11.9 events per 1000 person-years). In fully adjusted models, elevated FGF23 was independently associated with increased risk of incident atrial fibrillation after adjustment for demographic, cardiovascular, and CKD-specific factors, and other markers of mineral metabolism (hazard ratio of highest vs lowest FGF23 quartile, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.00-2.53; P = .02 for linear trend across quartiles). The results were unchanged when further adjusted for ejection fraction, but individual adjustments for left ventricular mass index, left atrial area, and interim heart failure events partially attenuated the association of elevated FGF23 with incident atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Elevated FGF23 is independently associated with prevalent and incident atrial fibrillation in patients with mild to severe CKD. The effect may be partially mediated through a diastolic dysfunction pathway that includes left ventricular hypertrophy, atrial enlargement, and heart failure events.
IMPORTANCE: Levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are elevated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and strongly associated with left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and death. Whether FGF23 is an independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation in CKD is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of FGF23 with atrial fibrillation in CKD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective cohort study of 3876 individuals with mild to severe CKD who enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study between June 19, 2003, and September 3, 2008, and were followed up through March 31, 2013. EXPOSURES: Baseline plasma FGF23 levels. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Prevalent and incident atrial fibrillation. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 3876 participants. Their mean (SD) age was 57.7 (11.0) years, and 44.8% (1736 of 3876) were female. Elevated FGF23 levels were independently associated with increased odds of prevalent atrial fibrillation (n = 660) after adjustment for cardiovascular and CKD-specific factors (odds ratio of highest vs lowest FGF23 quartile, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.69-3.13; P < .001 for linear trend across quartiles). During a median follow-up of 7.6 years (interquartile range, 6.3-8.6 years), 247 of the 3216 participants who were at risk developed incident atrial fibrillation (11.9 events per 1000 person-years). In fully adjusted models, elevated FGF23 was independently associated with increased risk of incident atrial fibrillation after adjustment for demographic, cardiovascular, and CKD-specific factors, and other markers of mineral metabolism (hazard ratio of highest vs lowest FGF23 quartile, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.00-2.53; P = .02 for linear trend across quartiles). The results were unchanged when further adjusted for ejection fraction, but individual adjustments for left ventricular mass index, left atrial area, and interim heart failure events partially attenuated the association of elevated FGF23 with incident atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Elevated FGF23 is independently associated with prevalent and incident atrial fibrillation in patients with mild to severe CKD. The effect may be partially mediated through a diastolic dysfunction pathway that includes left ventricular hypertrophy, atrial enlargement, and heart failure events.
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