Borwin Bandelow1, David Baldwin2, Marianna Abelli3, Blanca Bolea-Alamanac4, Michel Bourin5, Samuel R Chamberlain6,7, Eduardo Cinosi8, Simon Davies9,4, Katharina Domschke10, Naomi Fineberg6, Edna Grünblatt10,11,12,13, Marek Jarema14, Yong-Ku Kim15, Eduard Maron16,17,18, Vasileios Masdrakis19, Olya Mikova20, David Nutt18, Stefano Pallanti21, Stefano Pini3, Andreas Ströhle22, Florence Thibaut23, Matilde M Vaghi24, Eunsoo Won15, Dirk Wedekind1, Adam Wichniak14, Jade Woolley2, Peter Zwanzger25,26, Peter Riederer10. 1. a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Göttingen , Germany. 2. b Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK. 3. c Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa , Italy. 4. i School of Social and Community Medicine , Academic Unit of Psychiatry, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK. 5. e Neurobiology of Anxiety and Mood Disorders , University of Nantes , Nantes , France. 6. f Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire , Parkway , UK. 7. g Department of Psychiatry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK. 8. h Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences , Gabriele D'Annunzio University , Chieti , Italy. 9. d Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Psychiatry Division , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada. 10. j Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University of Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg , Germany. 11. k Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland. 12. l Neuroscience Center Zurich , University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland. 13. m Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland. 14. n Third Department of Psychiatry , Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology , Warszawa , Poland. 15. o Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine , Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea. 16. p Department of Psychiatry , North Estonia Medical Centre , Tallinn , Estonia. 17. q Department of Psychiatry , University of Tartu , Estonia. 18. t Faculty of Medicine Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences , Imperial College London , UK. 19. r Athens University Medical School, First Department of Psychiatry , Eginition Hospital , Athens , Greece. 20. s Foundation Biological Psychiatry , Sofia , Bulgaria. 21. u UC Davis Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences , Sacramento , CA, USA. 22. v Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - University Medica Center Berlin, Berlin , Germany. 23. w Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes , University Hospital Cochin , Paris , France. 24. x Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute , University of Cambridge , UK. 25. y kbo-Inn-Salzach-Klinikum Wasserburg am Inn , Germany. 26. z Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich , Munich , Germany.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of biomarkers for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: Findings in biomarker research were reviewed by a task force of international experts in the field, consisting of members of the World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Biological Markers and of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Anxiety Disorders Research Network. RESULTS: The present article (Part II) summarises findings on potential biomarkers in neurochemistry (neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine or GABA, neuropeptides such as cholecystokinin, neurokinins, atrial natriuretic peptide, or oxytocin, the HPA axis, neurotrophic factors such as NGF and BDNF, immunology and CO2 hypersensitivity), neurophysiology (EEG, heart rate variability) and neurocognition. The accompanying paper (Part I) focuses on neuroimaging and genetics. CONCLUSIONS: Although at present, none of the putative biomarkers is sufficient and specific as a diagnostic tool, an abundance of high quality research has accumulated that should improve our understanding of the neurobiological causes of anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD.
OBJECTIVE: Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of biomarkers for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: Findings in biomarker research were reviewed by a task force of international experts in the field, consisting of members of the World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Biological Markers and of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Anxiety Disorders Research Network. RESULTS: The present article (Part II) summarises findings on potential biomarkers in neurochemistry (neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine or GABA, neuropeptides such as cholecystokinin, neurokinins, atrial natriuretic peptide, or oxytocin, the HPA axis, neurotrophic factors such as NGF and BDNF, immunology and CO2hypersensitivity), neurophysiology (EEG, heart rate variability) and neurocognition. The accompanying paper (Part I) focuses on neuroimaging and genetics. CONCLUSIONS: Although at present, none of the putative biomarkers is sufficient and specific as a diagnostic tool, an abundance of high quality research has accumulated that should improve our understanding of the neurobiological causes of anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD.
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