| Literature DB >> 27414799 |
Kimberly A Stoner, Brian D Eitzer.
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077550.].Entities:
Year: 2016 PMID: 27414799 PMCID: PMC4945091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159696
Source DB: PubMed Journal: PLoS One ISSN: 1932-6203 Impact factor: 3.240
Pesticides detected in pollen trapped by honey bee hives, with pesticide use and information on acute toxicity to adult worker honey bees.
| Pesticide | Use | Contact LD50 ug/bee | Oral LD50 ug/bee | Limit of detection (ppb) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3-keto-carbofuran | Metabolite of carbofuran | 2 | ||
| 3-OH-carbofuran | Metabolite of carbofuran | 2 | ||
| 5-OH-Imidacloprid | Metabolite of Imidacloprid | 0.159 | 5 | |
| Acephate | Insecticide | 1.2 | 5 | |
| Alachlor | Herbicide | >36.2 | 2 | |
| Atrazine | Herbicide | >97 | 0.5 | |
| Azinphos-methyl | Insecticide | 0.42 | 0.15 | 2 |
| Azoxystrobin | Fungicide | >200 | 1 | |
| Bentazon | Herbicide | >200 | >200 | 2 |
| Boscalid | Fungicide | >200 | >166 | 1 |
| Bromacil | Herbicide | >11 | 1 | |
| Carbaryl | Insecticide | 1.1 | 2 | |
| Carbendazim | Fungicide and metabolite of benomyl and thiophanate-methyl | >50 | 1 | |
| Carbofuran | Insecticide | 0.16 | 1 | |
| Chlorpyrifos | Insecticide | 0.01 | 0.25 | 2 |
| Clothianidin | Insecticide and Metabolite of Thiamethoxam | 0.0439 | 0.00368 | 2 |
| Coumaphos | Insecticide/Acaricide | 24 | 1 | |
| Coumaphos Oxon | Metabolite of Coumaphos | 1 | ||
| Cyproconazole | Fungicide | >100 | >1000 | 20 |
| Cyprodinil | Fungicide | >784 | 3 | |
| Diazinon | Insecticide | 0.22 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Dichlorvos | Insecticide | 0.5 | 1 | |
| Difenconazole | Fungicide | >101 | >177 | 1 |
| Dimethoate | Insecticide | 0.16 | 0.056 | 1 |
| Dimethomorph | Fungicide | >10 | 1 | |
| Dinotefuran | Insecticide | 0.047 | 0.023 | 2 |
| Diphenylamine | Anti-oxidant | ND | 10 | |
| Dithiopyr | Herbicide | 81 | 1 | |
| Diuron | Herbicide | >145 | 3 | |
| Fenbuconazole | Fungicide | 292 | 2 | |
| Fenhexamid | Fungicide | >215 | 5 | |
| Fenpropathrin | Insecticide | <0.1 lbs | 10 | |
| Fenthion | Insecticide | 0.308 | 2 | |
| Fipronil | Insecticide | 0.00593 | 0.00417 | 1 |
| Fluvalinate | Insecticide | 0.2 | 5 | |
| Imazalil | Fungicide | 39 | 35.1 | 1 |
| Imidacloprid olefin | Metabolite of Imidacloprid | 0.036 | 10 | |
| Imidacloprid urea | Metabolite of Imidacloprid | 99.5 | 3 | |
| Imidacloprid | Insecticide | 0.0439 | 0.0039 | 1 |
| Indoxacarb | Insecticide | 0.1180.07 | 18.520.194 | 10 |
| Indoxacarb | Insecticide | 0.07 | 0.194 | 10 |
| Malathion | Insecticide | 0.2 | 0.38 | 2 |
| Metalaxyl | Fungicide | >100 | 1 | |
| Methamidophos | Insecticide | 1.37 | 10 | |
| Methiocarb | Insecticide | 0.375 | 1 | |
| Methomyl | Insecticide | 0.16 | 0.29 | 2 |
| Metolachlor | Herbicide | >110 | >110 | 0.5 |
| Myclobutanil | Fungicide | 362 | 2 | |
| Napropamide | Herbicide | >113.5 | 1 | |
| Oxadiazon | Herbicide | >25 | 3 | |
| Oxyflourfen | Herbicide | >100 | 2 | |
| Pendimethalin | Herbicide | 49.8 | 5 | |
| Phosmet | Insecticide | 1.060.22 | 1 | |
| Phosmet | Insecticide | 0.22 | 0.37 | 1 |
| Pinoxaden | Herbicide | >200 | >100 | 1 |
| Pirimicarb | Insecticide | 12.56 | 3.01 | 0.5 |
| Procymidone | Fungicide | ND | 30 | |
| Prodiamine | Herbicide | >100 | 5 | |
| Propiconazole | Fungicide | >25 | 1 | |
| Propoxur | Insecticide | 1.35 | 1 | |
| Propyzamide | Herbicide | >181 | 5 | |
| Pyraclostrobin | Fungicide | >100 | 1 | |
| Pyrimethanil | Fungicide | 100 | 100 | 10 |
| Simazine | Herbicide | 96.7 | 1 | |
| Sulfometuron- methyl | Herbicide | 100 | 10 | |
| Thiabendazole | Fungicide | 4 | >34 | 1 |
| Thiacloprid | Insecticide | 37.83 | 17.32 | 1 |
| Thiamethoxam | Insecticide | 0.024 | 0.005 | 1 |
| Thiophanate-methyl | Fungicide | 100 | 2 | |
| Trichlorfon | Insecticide | 59.8 | 2 | |
| Trifloxystrobin | Fungicide | 200 | 1 |
a Oral LD50 for metabolites of imidacloprid from Nauen et al. [8].
b LD50 for bentazon, fipronil, imazalil, mycobutanil, and thiabendazole were not in the US EPA database and were obtained from the Agritox database [6]. For indoxacarb, contact and oral LD50 information from both the US EPA and Agritox are presented because they were substantially different. For phosmet, contact LD50 information is presented from both sources, and oral LD50 was found in the Agritox database only.
c Dahlgren et al. [7], assuming a weight of 100 mg. per worker bee
d Field study was the only data available in US EPA Ecotox database.
LD50 information from the Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database of the Office of Pesticide Programs, Ecological Fate and Effects Division, of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [5], unless otherwise noted.