Antonio D Brescovit1, Ivan L F Magalhaes2, Igor Cizauskas1. 1. Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. 2. División Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Abstract
Three new species of the genus Misionella are described from Brazil: Misionella carajas sp. n. and Misionella aikewara sp. n. from caves in the states of Pará and Tocantins and Misionella pallida sp. n. from natural and synanthropic dry areas in the states of Piauí, Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte and Bahia. These species seem to belong to a distinct group within the genus; the males have an elongate palpal tibia and bulb, a pair of characteristic and hirsute macrosetae in the second metatarsus and the females have internal genitalia with only one pair of spermathecae, with relatively short ducts, lacking the auxiliary receptacles. Their phylogenetic placement and geographic distribution are briefly discussed.
Three new species of the genus Misionella are described from Brazil: Misionella carajas sp. n. and Misionella aikewara sp. n. from caves in the states of Pará and Tocantins and Misionella pallida sp. n. from natural and synanthropic dry areas in the states of Piauí, Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte and Bahia. These species seem to belong to a distinct group within the genus; the males have an elongate palpal tibia and bulb, a pair of characteristic and hirsute macrosetae in the second metatarsus and the females have internal genitalia with only one pair of spermathecae, with relatively short ducts, lacking the auxiliary receptacles. Their phylogenetic placement and geographic distribution are briefly discussed.
The genus Ramírez & Grismado, 1997 was established to include the species described by Mello-Leitão (1920) from Mendes, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This species is very common in southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina, where populations have synanthropic habits, living in the brick walls in houses or on tree bark near buildings or urban squares. Grismado and Ramírez (2000) described , a second species from the state of Acre, in Brazilian Amazonia.The species of the genus resemble those of Mello-Leitão in having enlarged male palpal tibia and second male metatarsi retrolaterally excavated, with short spinules (Figs 1–2) or with excavation absent, but having at least a pair of macrosetae (Fig. 1H). According to Ramírez and Grismado (2000) species of these genera differ by the absence of any projection in the male palpal tibia (Ramírez and Grismado 1997, figs 100–102) and by having two pairs of spermathecae placed side by side in the internal female genitalia (see Ramírez and Grismado 1997, Fig. 103) in . Following the original diagnosis presented by Ramírez and Grismado (2000) the species here described seem to belong to a distinct group in the genus . The males of these species lack an apophysis on the palpal tibia, have a characteristic pair of hirsute spines in the second metatarsus (Figs 1G–I) and the females have internal genitalia with only one pair of spermathecae with short ducts (Figs 8C, 11C).
Figure 1.
Female from Cave N4E_0079, Flona Carajás, Parauapebas, Pará (IBSP 166200) (B–) male from the same locality (IBSP 166199) (A, F–I, K-L). A–B habitus, dorsal view C habitus, lateral view D left metatarsus IV retrolateral showing calamistrum (indicated by an arrow) carapace, dorsal view F habitus, lateral view G left metatarsus II, ventral view H same, retrolateral view I same, dorsal view J right pedipalp K left palp, prolateral view, white arrow indicates the paraembolic lamina L same, complete male palp, prolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm, except G–I (0.5 mm) and D, L (0.1 mm).
Figure 2.
SEM images of sp. n., male from Cave N4E-0020, Flona Carajás, Parauapebas, Pará (IBSP 97841) (A–D), A male metatarsus II, retrolateral view B–C male left palp, prolateral D same, dorsal view (inset: detail of embolus tip). White arrows indicate the paraembolic lamina.
Figure 8.
SEM images of sp. n., female from Parque Municipal Pedra do Castelo, Castelo do Piauí, Piauí (UFMG 14385) A spermathecae, dorsal view B same, lateroventral view C same, anteroventral view D same, anteroventral (inset: detail of pores with filamentous gland). Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–C), 0.02 mm (D).
Figure 11.
sp. n., male and female from Cave N5S_0059, Flona Carajás, Parauapebas, Pará (IBSP 161040) (A–C) sp. n., male from São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará (IBSP 191196) (), female from Xambioá, Tocantins (IBSP 191194) (F). sp. n., male and female from Bairro São Joaquim, Teresina, Piauí (MPEG 22756) (G–I). A–B male palp. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C spermathecae, dorsal view D– male palp, prolateral view retrolateral view F spermathecae, dorsal view G–H male palp G prolateral view H retrolateral view I spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–B, D–), 0.02 mm (C, F, I).
Female from Cave N4E_0079, Flona Carajás, Parauapebas, Pará (IBSP 166200) (B–) male from the same locality (IBSP 166199) (A, F–I, K-L). A–B habitus, dorsal view C habitus, lateral view D left metatarsus IV retrolateral showing calamistrum (indicated by an arrow) carapace, dorsal view F habitus, lateral view G left metatarsus II, ventral view H same, retrolateral view I same, dorsal view J right pedipalp K left palp, prolateral view, white arrow indicates the paraembolic lamina L same, complete male palp, prolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm, except G–I (0.5 mm) and D, L (0.1 mm).SEM images of sp. n., male from Cave N4E-0020, Flona Carajás, Parauapebas, Pará (IBSP 97841) (A–D), A male metatarsus II, retrolateral view B–C male left palp, prolateral D same, dorsal view (inset: detail of embolus tip). White arrows indicate the paraembolic lamina.In this paper, we describe these three new, morphologically deviant species of from Brazil, two from caves in the states of Pará and Tocantins and a third from dry areas in the states of Piauí, Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte and Bahia.
Material and methods
The material examined belongs to the following institutions:CHNUFPIColeção de História Natural, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Floriano (L.S. Carvalho)IBSPInstituto Butantan, São Paulo (A.D. Brescovit)ISLAZoology Collection, Seção de Invertebrados Subterrâneos da Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras (R.L. Ferreira)MPEGMuseu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém (A.B. Bonaldo)MZSPMuseu de Zoologia da , São Paulo (R. Pinto da Rocha)UFMGColeções Taxonômicas da , Belo Horizonte (A.J. Santos)Descriptions follow Ramírez and Grismado (1997). Measurements are expressed in millimeters. Leg segment lengths were measured laterally. The illustrations were made in a stereomicroscope with camera lucida. For the illustration of female genitalia, we used dissected organs immersed in clove oil, following Levi (1965). Image stacks were obtained with a Leica M165 C stereoscopic microscope and extended focus images were generated using Helicon Focus 6 (www.heliconsoft.com); female spermathecae were digested with pancreatin and photographed in temporary mounts without a coverslip in lactic acid on an Olympus BH-2 compound microscope. Material for SEM was either air-dried or dehydrated using an ethanol series followed by immersion in HDMS, and sputter-coated with 10 nm of gold or gold-palladium. Micrographs were taken with a Quanta 250 the electron scanning microscope at Laboratório de Biologia PageBreakCelular Instituto Butantan, LEO 1450VP of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, or a Philips FEI XL30 TMP at Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”.
Taxonomy
Family Ausserer, 1867 Subfamily Gray, 1995
Ramírez & Grismado, 1997Ramírez & Grismado, 1997: 342, type species
Diagnosis.
Males of have the cymbium fused to the tegulum, as do and ; they can be distinguished from by the lack of an apophysis on the palpal tibia, and from by the modified second metatarsi (Ramírez and Grismado 1997). Females of can be distinguished from Lehtinen by having a three-rowed calamistrum, from by having spermathecae either paired side by side or unilobulate, and from by lacking pores on the ducts of the spermathecae (Ramírez and Grismado 1997).
SEM images of sp. n., female from Cave N4E-0024, Flona Carajás, Parauapebas, Pará (IBSP 97831) A female right leg I, tarsal claws B female right leg III, tarsus, dorsal, trichobothria C same, retrolateral, detail of plumose setae D endite, serrula and chemosensory setae
PMS, ventral view F
PLS, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ac = aciniform gland spigots, Ch= chemosensory setae, mAP, PC. Scale bars: 0.05 mm (A, D), 0.01 mm (B), 0.1 mm (C).
= minor ampullate gland spigot
= paracribellar gland spigot
Figure 12.
Spermathecae, dorsal view, latic acid cleared. A
sp. n., female from Cave N4E_0079, Flona Carajás, Parauapebas, Pará (IBSP 166200) B
sp. n., female from Parque Nacional das Sete Cidades, Piracuruca, Piauí (MPEG 22752) C–D same species, variation, female from Magnesita, Brumado, Bahia (UFMG 15513). Scale bars: 0.05 mm (A, D), 0.1 mm (B–C).
Figure 13.
sp. n. (A–D), A capturing a () B male, dorsal view C soil web in bat guano D female living in nests of wasps (); sp. n. refuge formed the web in the wall of cave F
sp. n., female, dorsal view.
Figure 14.
Map showing records of the three new species in Brazil. Green diamond = sp. n., yellow diamond = sp. n., red diamond = sp. n.
Types.
Male holotype from Cave N4E_0024 (), FLONA Carajás, Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil, 20/IV‒04/V/10, D. B. Pedroso col. (IBSP 161396). Paratypes: female paratype from Cave N5S_0059 (), FLONA Carajás, Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil, 25/VIII‒03/IX/2009, I. Cizauskas col. (IBSP 161395); two males and two females from Cave N4E_0070 (), 24-30/VII/2009, I. Cizauskas (MPEG 24927); two males and two females from Cave N4E_0079 (), 24/VII/2009‒04/III/2010, I. Cizauskas, D.B. Pedroso, J.B. Verdiani & J. Mascarenhas (MZSP 68015)
The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.Males of can be distinguished from by the longer palpal tibia and shorter paraembolic lamina (Fig. 1K‒L: arrow; 2B‒D, 11A‒B) and from by the narrow paraembolic lamina (Figs 1K‒L: arrow; 11A‒B). Females can be recognized by the shorter and not curved spermathecae (Fig. 11C).
Description.
Male (IBSP 161036). Carapace orange brown with lateral borders, thoracic groove and ocular area black. Sternum, chelicerae and labium orange. Legs and palp orange. Abdomen dorsally black and ventrally grayish (Figs 1A‒C, E‒F, 13B). Total length 4.1. Carapace 1.8 long, 1.3 wide. Eye diameters: PME 0.4, separated by about 2 diameters. Sternum with shallow longitudinal ventral sulcus, without sigillae. Palp: femur length 0.9, patella 0.4, tibia 1.1 long, 0.5 wide. Leg measurements: I: femur 3.8, patella 0.5, tibia 3.7, metatarsus 3.3, tarsus 1.8, total 13.1; II: 3.3, 0.5, 3.7, 2.4, 0.8, 10.7; III: 2.2, 0.4, 2.4, 2.6, 1.1, 8.7; IV: 3.1, 0.5, 3.0, 3.4, 1.4, 11.4. Metatarsus II with a pair of hirsute macrosetae (Figs 1G–I, 2A) on a cuticular outgrowth. Abdomen 2.2 long. Palp: tibia two times longer cymbium, with membranous area, cymbium short, and bulb globose and short, with elongated embolus (Figs 1K–L, 2B–D).Female (IBSP 161040). Coloration as in male, but darker. Total length 5.6. Carapace 2.3, long, 1.5 wide. Serrula with 10‒11 teeth (Fig. 3D). Sternum as in male. Eye diameters: PME 0.5, separated by about 2 diameters. Pedipalp: length 1.4, patella 0.7, tibia 1.1, tarsus 0.4. Leg measurements: I: femur 3.1, patella 0.7, tibia 3.5, metatarsus 3.2, tarsus 1.5, total 12.0; II: 2.1, 0.7, 3.4, 2.0, 0.9, 9.1; III: 1.9, 0.6, 1.6, 1.7, 0.8, 6.6; IV: 2.6, 0.6, 2.4, 2.4, 1.0, 9.0. Legs with plumose hairs (Fig. 3C), trichobothria elevated and smooth (Fig. 3B), paired claws with 9 teeth and unpaired claw with two teeth (Fig. 3A) and calamistrum in three rows (Fig. 1D). Pedipalp hirsute (Fig. 1J) Abdomen 3.2 long. Posterior median spinnerets with one paracribellar gland spigot, PageBreakalong one minor ampullate gland and at least seven aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 3E). Posterior lateral spinnerets with large paracribellar gland spigots at the margin of spinning field and few aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 3F). Spermathecae with short ducts, close at base (Figs 11C, 12 A–D)SEM images of sp. n., female from Cave N4E-0024, Flona Carajás, Parauapebas, Pará (IBSP 97831) A female right leg I, tarsal claws B female right leg III, tarsus, dorsal, trichobothria C same, retrolateral, detail of plumose setae D endite, serrula and chemosensory setae
PMS, ventral view F
PLS, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ac = aciniform gland spigots, Ch= chemosensory setae, mAP, PC. Scale bars: 0.05 mm (A, D), 0.01 mm (B), 0.1 mm (C).= minor ampullate gland spigot= paracribellar gland spigot
Variation.
10 males: total length 3‒4.2; carapace 1.4‒1.7; femur I 2.8‒4.5. 10 females: total length 4.2‒6.8; carapace 1.7‒2.4; femur I 2.7‒3.2.
Natural history.
This species is very common in the Carajás area, where 352 adult specimens were collected. 101 males, 251 females and approximately 400 immature (only 164 included here) were sampled in 144 caves, between the years 2006–2010. The caves are formed in iron ore in areas of residual plateau, more specifically on the bases of outcrops of iron ore or ‘canga’. The ‘canga’ are usually covered by open vegetation type called ‘metalophylic vegetation’, which is characterized by plants able to grow in soils rich in iron and other heavy metals (Pinto-da-Rocha and Andrade 2012; Carmo and Jacobi 2013). The specimens were found in lighter areas as well as in the darker areas of the interior of caves. They were always caught in the refuge of their irregular webs located on the ground and/or walls of the cavities (Figs 13A–C). Two types of refuges were found, one formed by tubes in the interior of the guano (Fig. 13C) and other, with irregular distribution of silk, in the walls or using the nest of wasps as substrate (Fig. 13D). The prey commonly observed were micro- of the family (Fig. 13A) and immature of of the genus Silvestre (). Although the new species has been found only inside the caves, the specimens do not show any troglomorphism, except perhaps the elongate legs.
Distribution.
The species seems to occur exclusively in caves in the region of the Flona of Carajás, in the municipalities of Parauapebas and Canaã dos Carajás (Fig. 14).http://zoobank.org/FA3E70CA-B8BC-4C93-ABBE-060356DCB449Figs 4A–G
, 11D–F
, 13E
, 14
Figure 4.
sp. n.. Male from São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará (IBSP 191196) (A, C–G), female from Xambioá, Tocantins (IBSP 191194) (B). A–B habitus, dorsal view C male left metatarsus II, ventral view D male left metatarsus II, retrolateral male left palp, prolateral view F same, retrolateral view G same, dorsal view.
Type material.
Male holotype from Cave SI-07 (788310 9295476), São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará, Brazil, 31.VIII–09.IX.2009, F. P. Franco et al., deposited in IBSP 191196; female paratype from Cave SI-04 (786471 9290451), Xambioá, Tocantins, 31.VIII–-09.IX.2010, F. P. Franco et al., deposited in IBSP 191194.BRAZIL. Pará: São Geraldo do Araguaia, Cave SI-30 (783442 9304748), 1♀, 31.VIII‒09.IX.2010, F. P. Franco et al. (IBSP 191197); 2 imm., 22.II‒02.III.2011, F. P. Franco et al. (IBSP 191199); Tocantins: Ananás, Cave SI-13 (785816 9310724), 1♀, 31.VIII‒09.IX.2010, F. P. Franco et al. (IBSP 191195); Cave SI-13, 2♀, 27‒31.I.2011 (IBSP 191198); Tocantins: Miracema do Tocantins (), 3♀ 1 imm., 17‒25.IV.2005, I. Knysak & R. Martins, in a cave at night (IBSP 124517).The specific name is a noun in apposition and refers to the ethnic group of the region of São Geraldo do Araguaia, where the type locality is located: the Tupi indigenous group Aikewará.Males of can be distinguished from and by the shorter palpal tibia and elongated paraembolic lamina (Figs 4E–G, 11D‒E). Females can be recognized by the elongated receptacles curved distally and separated at the base (Fig. 11F).sp. n.. Male from São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará (IBSP 191196) (A, C–G), female from Xambioá, Tocantins (IBSP 191194) (B). A–B habitus, dorsal view C male left metatarsus II, ventral view D male left metatarsus II, retrolateral male left palp, prolateral view F same, retrolateral view G same, dorsal view.Male (holotype). Carapace orange with brown submarginal bands. Thoracic groove and ocular area black. Chelicerae orange. Labium and endites yellowish. Sternum yellowish with brown borders. Legs and palps orange. Abdomen dark brown (Fig. 4A). Total length 2.7. Carapace 1.2, long, 1.0 wide. Sternum with small and shallow sulcus, without sigillae. Eye diameters: PME 0.4, separated by your diameters. Palp: femur length 2.0, patella 1.0, tibia 1.2 long, 0.8 wide. Leg measurements: I: femur 2.8, patella 0.5, tibia 1.9, metatarsus 1.8, tarsus 0.9, total 7.9; II: 2.0, 0.4, 2.1, 1.3, 0.6, 6.4; III: 1.3, 0.5, 1.3, 1.3, 0.7, 5.1; IV: 2.0, 0.5, 1.9, 1.8, 0.9, 7.0. Metatarsus II with a pair PageBreakof hirsute macrosetae (Fig. 4C–D). Abdomen 1.5 long. Palp: tibia shorter, two times the length of cymbium, bulb globose (Fig. 4E–G).Female (IBSP 191194, cave SI-04). Coloration pattern as in male (Fig. 4B), except endites orange and legs darker. Total length 5.6. Carapace 2.1 long, 1.6 wide. Sternum as in male. Eye diameters: PME 0.4, separated by 2 diameters. Palp: femur length 1.5, patella 0.7, tibia 0.8, tarsus 0.9. Leg measurements: I: femur 2.9, patella 0.9, tibia 3.0, metatarsus 2.8, tarsus 1.2, total 10.8; II: 2.1, 0.7, 2.0, 1.8, 0.9, 7.5; III: 1.8, 0.7, 1.4, 1.5, 0.8, 6.2; IV: 2.0, 0.8, 2.1, 2.0, 0.9, 7.8. Abdomen 3.2 long. Spermathecae with elongated ducts and curved apex (Fig. 11F).5 females: total length 3‒4.5; carapace 1.4‒2; femur I 1.7‒2.2.Eleven specimens were collected, only one male, eight females and two immature, in four limestone caves located in municipalities very close to the border of the states of Pará and Tocantins (Fig. 14). In general, the walls of the caves had high humidity with pools and/or running water therein. These caves have high number of micro-habitats such as roots, guano and crevices. The specimens of sp. n. were located in lighter areas as well as in the darker areas of the interior of caves. The webs are irregular, as in sp. n., and the capture was always performed in the refuge of their webs located on the walls and cracks in the cavity (Fig. 13E). All specimens were found inside caves and do not show any kind of troglomorphism.This species occurs only in the region of the State Park of Serra das Andorinhas, in states of Pará and Tocantins (Fig. 14).http://zoobank.org/39C0C8CD-8EF0-4507-96E4-CC643E479536Figs 5A–H
, 6A–D
, 7A–E
, 8A–D
, 9A–F
, 10A–F
, 11G–I
, 12B–D
, 13E
, 14
Figure 5.
sp. n.. A, G–H Male from Bairro Morada do Sol, Teresina, Piauí (UFMG 14827) D–F Sítio Ouro Verde, União, Piauí (CHNUFPI 1099) B–C female from Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, Coronel José Dias, Piauí (UFMG 14829). A–B habitus, dorsal view C habitus, lateral view D male right leg II, ventral view same, retrolateral view F same, dorsal view G male right palp, prolateral view H same, distal area (mirrored). Scale bars: 1 mm (A–C), 0.5 mm (D–F), 0.1 mm (G–H).
Figure 6.
SEM images of sp. n., male from Floriano, Piauí, Brasil (UFMG 14828) A male right palp, prolateral view B same, retrolateral view C same, prolateral view, detail of right bulb (inset embolus and PL, dorsal) D same, right cymbium, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cy, E, PH, PL, Ti. Scale bars: 0.1 mm, except inset, 0.01 mm.
= cymbium
= embolus
= plumose setae
= paraembolic lamina
= palpal tibia
Figure 7.
SEM images of sp. n., male from Bairro Morada do Sol, Teresina, Piauí (UFMG 14827), A left leg II, retrolateral view B same, detail of macrosetae, retrolateral view. Arrow points to spines. C same, dorsal view. Arrow points to macrosetae D same, detail of macrosetae, subventral view same, metatarsus stopper, dorsal view (inset, tricobothrial base). Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–C), 0.05 mm (D), 0.02 mm ().
Figure 9.
SEM images of sp. n., male from Floriano, Piauí, Brasil (UFMG 14828) A epiandrium, ventral view B spinnerets, ventral view C cribellum, ventral view D spinnerets, left ALS, ventral view
PMS, ventral view F left PLS, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ac, ALS, AT, Cr, MAP, mAP, PC, Pi, PLS, PMS. Scale bars: 0.02 mm (A, C), 0.1 mm (B), 0.01 mm (D–F).
= aciniform gland spigots
= anterior lateral spinnerets
= anal tubercle
= cribellum
= major ampullate gland spigot
= minor ampullate gland spigot
= paracribellar gland spigot
= piriform gland spigot
= posterior lateral spinnerets
= posterior median spinnerets
Figure 10.
SEM images of sp. n., female from Parque Municipal Pedra do Castelo, Castelo do Piauí, Piauí (UFMG 14385) A spinnerets, ventral view B same, cribellum and left ALS, ventral view. Arrow points to row of setae on ALS, characteristic of filistatids C same, cribellar spigots, ventral view D same, right ALS, ventral view
PMS, ventral view F right PLS, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ac, ALS, Cr, MAP, mAP, PC, Pi, PLS, PMS. Scale bars: 0.02 mm (A–B), 0.01 mm (C–D, F), 0.05 mm ().
= aciniform gland spigots
= anterior lateral spinnerets
= cribellum
= major ampullate gland spigot
= minor ampullate gland spigot
= paracribellar gland spigot
= piriform gland spigot
= posterior lateral spinnerets
= posterior median spinnerets
Male holotype from Bairro Morada do Sol (), Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, 30.I.2006, L.S. Carvalho col., deposited in MPEG 22760. Paratypes: two females from Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades (), Brasileira/Piracura, Piauí, Brazil, 3.XII.2006, L.S. Carvalho, D. Candiani & N.F.L. Man Hung col., deposited in MPEG 22748; male and female from Parque Municipal Pedra do Castelo (), Castelo do Piauí, Piauí, Brazil, 9.V.2004, L.S. Carvalho et al. col. deposited in CHNUFPI 604 and 605, respectively; male from Bairro Morada do Sol, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil (into a house), , 15.X.2015, L.S. Carvalho col. (CHNUFPI 1624); male and female from Mossoró (), Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, 29.X.2007, I.T. Rocha & D. Araujo col. (IBSP 91662, IBSP 91663).BRAZIL. Piauí: José de Freitas, Fazenda Nazareth (), 1♂ 1♀ 2 imm, 12.X.2003, J. Riceti (MPEG 22747); Francinópolis, Sítio Vigário (), 1♀, 7.IV.2007, E.B.O Marques (MPEG 22749); Oeiras (), 1♂ 2 imm, 3.VI.2008, Yamaguti PageBreak(MPEG 22755; MPEG 22751); Teresina, Campus UFPI, CCA (), 1♂, 2.III.2007, L.S. Carvalho (MPEG 22753); Teresina, Bairro São Joaquim, 7° DP (), 2♂, 22.I.2007, S.C. Carvalho (1 ♂, SEM; MPEG 22756); Teresina, Bairro Morada do Sol (), 1♀ 1 imm., 11.VII.2007, L.S. Carvalho (MPEG 22746); 1♂ 1♀, 4.X.2013, L.S. Carvalho (CHNUFPI 601); 1♂, I.2014, L.S. Carvalho (UFMG 14827; UFMG 14829); Brasileira/Piracura, Parque Nacional Sete Cidades (), 1 imm., 25.VI.2007 (MPEG 22757); 1♀, 03.XII.2006 (MPEG 22752); 1 imm., 31.I.2007 (MPEG 22761); 1 imm., 31.I.2007 (MPEG 22754), all collected by L.S. Carvalho, D. Candiani & N.F. PageBreakLo Man Hung; Coronel José Dias, Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara (), 1♀, 07/VI/2012, L.S. Carvalho (UFMG 14829); Castelo do Piauí, Fazenda Bonito, E.C.B. Rochas Ornamentais (), 2♂, 13.VIII.2008, L.S. Carvalho (MPEG 22745; MPEG 22759); Castelo do Piauí, Parque Municipal Pedra do Castelo (), 2♂ 11♂ 1 imm., 9.V.2003, L.S. Carvalho et al. (UFMG 14384-14394; UFMG 14387; CHNUFPI 602; CHNUFPI 603); União, Sítio Ouro Verde (), 1♂, 25/V/2014, L.S. Carvalho (CHNUFPI 1099); Floriano, campus da UFPI (), 4/IX/2013, L.S. Carvalho, 1♂ (UFMG 14828). Maranhão: Caxias, Reserva Ecológica do Inhamum (), 30♂, 23‒26.IV.2007, F.B. Lima-Lobato (IBSP 129097; IBSP 131101; IBSP 131029; IBSP 129092; IBSP 129088; IBSP 131024; IBSP 129093; IBSP 129095; IBSP 130967; IBSP 131022; IBSP 99121; IBSP 98671; IBSP 131027; IBSP 131025; IBSP 129090, IBSP 98670); Rio Grande do Norte: Mossoró (), 1♀, 29.X.2008, I.T. Rocha & D. ArauPageBreakjo (IBSP 91661). Bahia: Brumado, Magnesita (), 1♀, E.A. Araújo, 02‒3/V/2014 (UFMG 15513).The name is an adjective referring to the pale coloration of the body in both males and females of this species.can be distinguished from other species by the pale coloration of the body. Males are further distinguished by the large and flattened paraembolic lamina (Figs 5G–H, 6A–E: PL, 11G–H). Females can be recognized by the long, distally incrassate, and largely separated distal area of the spermathecae (Fig. 11I).sp. n.. A, G–H Male from Bairro Morada do Sol, Teresina, Piauí (UFMG 14827) D–F Sítio Ouro Verde, União, Piauí (CHNUFPI 1099) B–C female from Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, Coronel José Dias, Piauí (UFMG 14829). A–B habitus, dorsal view C habitus, lateral view D male right leg II, ventral view same, retrolateral view F same, dorsal view G male right palp, prolateral view H same, distal area (mirrored). Scale bars: 1 mm (A–C), 0.5 mm (D–F), 0.1 mm (G–H).SEM images of sp. n., male from Floriano, Piauí, Brasil (UFMG 14828) A male right palp, prolateral view B same, retrolateral view C same, prolateral view, detail of right bulb (inset embolus and PL, dorsal) D same, right cymbium, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cy, E, PH, PL, Ti. Scale bars: 0.1 mm, except inset, 0.01 mm.= cymbium= embolus= plumose setae= paraembolic lamina= palpal tibiaMale (MPEG 22756). Carapace orange with thoracic groove, lateral stripes and border black. Ocular area black. Chelicerae and labium orange. Endites and sternum cream. Legs and palps orange. Abdomen dorsally greyish, with grey stripes in the anterior border, and ventrally cream (Fig. 5A). Total length 3.0. Carapace 1.3 long, 1.0 wide. Sternum with small and shallow sulcus, without sigillae. Eye diameters: PME 0.4, separated by about four diameters. Pedipalp: femur length 0.9, patella 0.3, tibia 0.5 long, 0.3 wide. Leg measurements: I: femur 2.5, patella 1.0, tibia 3.0, metatarsus 2.3, tarsus 1.1, total 9.9; II: 1.8, 0.5, 2.0, 1.2, 0.5, 6.0; III: 1.3, 0.4, 1.0, 1.1, 0.4, 4.2; IV: 1.9, 1.0, 2.0, 1.7, 0.6, 7.2. Metatarsus II with a pair of hirsute macrosetae (Figs 5D–F, 7A–D). Abdomen 1.7 long, epiandrous area with at least 15 fusules (Fig. 9A). Cribellum divided and smooth (Fig. 9B). Spinnerets: ALS with one major ampullate gland spigot and at least 20 piriform gland spigots, PMS with one minor ampullate gland spigot, two aciniform gland spigots and one elongated paracribellar gland spigot, PLS with one paracribellar gland spigot and two aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 9B, D–F). Palp: tibia elongated, short cimbyum, bulb globose, with large and flattened paraembolic lamina (Figs 5G–H, 6A–E, 7A–E, 11G–H).SEM images of sp. n., male from Bairro Morada do Sol, Teresina, Piauí (UFMG 14827), A left leg II, retrolateral view B same, detail of macrosetae, retrolateral view. Arrow points to spines. C same, dorsal view. Arrow points to macrosetae D same, detail of macrosetae, subventral view same, metatarsus stopper, dorsal view (inset, tricobothrial base). Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–C), 0.05 mm (D), 0.02 mm ().SEM images of sp. n., female from Parque Municipal Pedra do Castelo, Castelo do Piauí, Piauí (UFMG 14385) A spermathecae, dorsal view B same, lateroventral view C same, anteroventral view D same, anteroventral (inset: detail of pores with filamentous gland). Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–C), 0.02 mm (D).SEM images of sp. n., male from Floriano, Piauí, Brasil (UFMG 14828) A epiandrium, ventral view B spinnerets, ventral view C cribellum, ventral view D spinnerets, left ALS, ventral view
PMS, ventral view F left PLS, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ac, ALS, AT, Cr, MAP, mAP, PC, Pi, PLS, PMS. Scale bars: 0.02 mm (A, C), 0.1 mm (B), 0.01 mm (D–F).= aciniform gland spigots= anterior lateral spinnerets= anal tubercle= cribellum= major ampullate gland spigot= minor ampullate gland spigot= paracribellar gland spigot= piriform gland spigot= posterior lateral spinnerets= posterior median spinneretsSEM images of sp. n., female from Parque Municipal Pedra do Castelo, Castelo do Piauí, Piauí (UFMG 14385) A spinnerets, ventral view B same, cribellum and left ALS, ventral view. Arrow points to row of setae on ALS, characteristic of filistatids C same, cribellar spigots, ventral view D same, right ALS, ventral view
PMS, ventral view F right PLS, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ac, ALS, Cr, MAP, mAP, PC, Pi, PLS, PMS. Scale bars: 0.02 mm (A–B), 0.01 mm (C–D, F), 0.05 mm ().= aciniform gland spigots= anterior lateral spinnerets= cribellum= major ampullate gland spigot= minor ampullate gland spigot= paracribellar gland spigot= piriform gland spigot= posterior lateral spinnerets= posterior median spinneretssp. n., male and female from Cave N5S_0059, Flona Carajás, Parauapebas, Pará (IBSP 161040) (A–C) sp. n., male from São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará (IBSP 191196) (), female from Xambioá, Tocantins (IBSP 191194) (F). sp. n., male and female from Bairro São Joaquim, Teresina, Piauí (MPEG 22756) (G–I). A–B male palp. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C spermathecae, dorsal view D– male palp, prolateral view retrolateral view F spermathecae, dorsal view G–H male palp G prolateral view H retrolateral view I spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–B, D–), 0.02 mm (C, F, I).Female (MPEG 22748). Coloration as in male, except pedipalp red brown and abdomen greenish gray with anterior dorsal border black (Fig. 5B–C). Total length 4.0. Carapace 1.7 long, 1.2 wide. Sternum as in male. Eye diameters: PME 0.4, separated by about 2 diameters. Pedipalp: femur length 1.1, patella 0.5, tibia 0.7, tarsus 0.3. Leg PageBreakPageBreakPageBreakmeasurements: I: femur 1.8, patella 0.5, tibia 2.1, metatarsus 1.4, tarsus 1.0, total 6.8; II: 1.4, 0.5, 1.2, 1.0, 0.6, 4.7; III: 1.2, 0.4, 0.9, 1.0, 0.5, 4.0; IV: 1.7, 0.5, 1.5, 1.3, 0.6, 5.6. Abdomen 2.4 long. Cribellum as in male, but more numerous spigots (Fig. 10B–C). Spinnerets: ALS as in male, PMS with one minor ampullate gland spigot, at least one aciniform gland spigots and one elongated paracribellar gland spigot, PLS with one paracribellar gland spigot and four aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 10A, D–F). Spermathecae curved at tip with elongated ducts (Figs 8A–D, 11I).Spermathecae, dorsal view, latic acid cleared. A
sp. n., female from Cave N4E_0079, Flona Carajás, Parauapebas, Pará (IBSP 166200) B
sp. n., female from Parque Nacional das Sete Cidades, Piracuruca, Piauí (MPEG 22752) C–D same species, variation, female from Magnesita, Brumado, Bahia (UFMG 15513). Scale bars: 0.05 mm (A, D), 0.1 mm (B–C).sp. n. (A–D), A capturing a () B male, dorsal view C soil web in bat guano D female living in nests of wasps (); sp. n. refuge formed the web in the wall of cave F
sp. n., female, dorsal view.10♂: total length 1.9‒2.8; carapace 1‒1.3; femur I 1.4‒2.6; 10♀: total length 3.8‒4.2; carapace 1.6‒1.8; femur I 1.8‒2.1.This species has been collected several times in both natural and synanthropic habitats in northeastern Brazil. The species seems to naturally occur in Caatinga vegetation, a type of seasonally dry tropical forest. In synanthropic conditions, females can be found in their webs in the corners and cracks of windows and doors (L.S. Carvalho, pers. comm.). Males have been collected in pitfall traps in Caxias, in the state of Maranhão.Known from Northeastern Brazil (Fig. 14).Map showing records of the three new species in Brazil. Green diamond = sp. n., yellow diamond = sp. n., red diamond = sp. n.
Discussion
Phylogenetic placement. The three new species herein described superficially resemble F.O. Pickard-Cambridge due to the elongate palps and bulbs, and by the female genitalia with a single pair of spermathecae (see Gray 1995; Ramírez and Grismado 1997). However, they share two derived states with the South American genera and : the cymbium fused to the tegulum (Fig. 6C, D) and the second metatarsus of males modified and bearing retrolateral macrosetae (Figs 1G–I, 2A, 4C–D, 5D–F, 7). Currently, is defined by the presence of a modified metatarsus II combined with the absence of a tibial apophysis in the male palp (Ramírez and Grismado 1997), both characters being present in the three new species. However, several undescribed filistatid species not treated here have intermediate morphologies between and (Magalhaes, unpublished data), blurring the limits between the two genera. The three species newly described apparently form a monophyletic group, supported by the unilobulate spermathecae, long bulbs, and the absence of pigment rings in the legs. Their placement in is not satisfactory, and a new genus could be proposed. However, as stressed above, the limits between South American filistatid genera are currently somewhat dubious, and several genus-defining characters are apparently homoplastic. A new phylogenetic analysis of the is in progress by the second author, and we think it is more prudent not to erect a new genus at the moment.Biogeography. Filistatids are known to occur mainly in arid and semi-arid environments. To date, have been an exception as they seem to prefer more humid habits: occurs in the Cerrado (a savannah) and the Atlantic Forest, and is Amazonian (Ramírez and Grismado 1997; Grismado and Ramírez 2000). On the other hand, sp. n. seems to be restricted to the western border of the Caatinga, a seasonally dry tropical forest with a semi-arid climate (Pennington et al. 2000). sp. n. and sp. n. occur in the humid Amazon, but they are restricted to caves. Caves often have different micro-climatic conditions than the surroundings, and sometimes harbor relict species (e.g.
Malek-Hosseini et al. 2015). It has been hypothesized that the limits of the seasonally dry tropical forests of Brazil have changed in response to recent climatic fluctuations (Pennington et al. 2000; Magalhaes et al. 2014). Thus, it can be hypothesized that the ancestors of sp. n. and sp. n. also lived in dry conditions, and that they reached their current distribution during an event of expansion of the dry forests, being subsequently ‘trapped’ in the caves as the dry forests receded. A dated phylogeny of South American prithine would help shed some light on these questions.
Authors: Ivan L F Magalhaes; Ubirajara Oliveira; Fabrício R Santos; Teofânia H D A Vidigal; Antonio D Brescovit; Adalberto J Santos Journal: Mol Ecol Date: 2014-10-13 Impact factor: 6.185
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