A revision of the Chinese Aulacidae (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea).

The Chinese Aulacidae are revised, keyed and illustrated for the first time. In total twenty-five species are recorded from China, included within two genera Aulacus Jurine, 1807 and Pristaulacus Kieffer, 1900, with five and twenty species respectively. Among the treated species, six are newly described for science: Aulacus magnus sp. n., Pristaulacus calidus sp. n., Pristaulacus centralis sp. n., Pristaulacus fopingi sp. n., Pristaulacus obscurus sp. n., and Pristaulacus pseudoiosephi sp. n. Three species are newly recorded from China: Pristaulacus excisus Turner, 1922, Pristaulacus iosephi Turrisi & Madl, 2013, and Pristaulacus rufobalteatus Cameron, 1907.

Introduction

() are a small cosmopolitan family, with two extant genera, containing 247 recognized species: Jurine, 1807, with 77 species, and Kieffer, 1900, with 170 species (Smith 2001, 2005a, 2005b, 2008; Jennings and Austin 2006; Turrisi et al. 2009; Smith and Carvalho 2010; Turrisi and Konishi 2011; Turrisi and Watanabe 2011; Turrisi 2013a, 2014; Turrisi and Madl 2013; Watanabe et al. 2013; Sundu). Both genera occur in all zoogeographic regions, except Antarctica, although is not known from the Afrotropics (Kieffer 1912; Hedicke 1939; Smith 2001; Turrisi 2004; Turrisi 2006; Turrisi et al. 2009). Most species of this family occur in tropical and subtropical regions (Smith 2001; Jennings et al. 2004a, 2004b, 2004c; Turrisi et al. 2009). Aulacids are endoparasitoids of wood-boring larvae of (), Buprestidae and () (Barriga 1990; Gauld and Hanson 1995; Smith 2001; Jennings and Austin 2004; Jennings et al. 2004a).

China is located between two zoogeographical regions, Palaearctic and Oriental, and thus includes mixed faunistic characters of both regions. However, Chinese are currently very poorly known (Turrisi 2007) and there have been no comprehensive revisionary attempts, although a few scattered taxonomic papers have been published since the World catalogue by Smith (2001) (He et al. 2002; He 2004; Turrisi 2005, 2007; Sun and Sheng 2007a, 2007b; Turrisi and Smith 2011; Sundukov and Lelej 2015). To date, only sixteen species are recorded from China, four and twelve (Table 1). This number is believed to be an underestimate, suggesting the need for extensive investigation and more research for a better knowledge of the Chinese (Turrisi 2007).

Table 1.

List of the Chinese species of before this study, with distribution in China.

Species	Chinese distribution
Aulacus flavigenis Alekseev, 1986	Heilongjiang
Aulacus schoenitzeri Turrisi, 2005	Shaanxi
Aulacus sinensis He & Chen, 2007	Zhejiang
Aulacus striatus Jurine, 1807	Inner Mongolia
Pristaulacus albitarsatus Sun & Sheng, 2007	Henan
Pristaulacus asiaticus Turrisi & Smith, 2011	Hubei
Pristaulacus comptipennis Enderlein, 1912	Taiwan, Hongkong
Pristaulacus intermedius Uchida, 1932	Shaanxi
Pristaulacus karinulus Smith, 2001	Henan, Jiangsu, Taiwan
Pristaulacus longicornis Kieffer, 1911	China (unknown whether Palaearctic or Oriental)
Pristaulacus memnonius Sun & Sheng, 2007	Henan
Pristaulacus nobilei Turrisi & Smith, 2011	Jiangsu, Guangdong, Hongkong, Macao
Pristaulacus pieli Kieffer, 1924	Jiangxi
Pristaulacus porcatus Sun & Sheng, 2007	Henan
Pristaulacus rufipes Enderlein, 1912	Taiwan
Pristaulacus zhejiangensis He & Ma, 2002	Zhejiang

The extensive search for aulacid-specimens in several museums of China as well as relevant material from European museums resulted in the discovery of a total of 25 species, 6 of which are newly described, one and five . The present paper is the first attempt to revise the Chinese as a framework for further possible contributions.

Material and methods

Descriptions of the species have been made under either an Olympus SZ61 or SZ40 stereomicroscope, with lighting achieved through a 40W LED lamp or a 27W fluorescent lamp. Photographic images were produced by a digital microscope (VHX-2000c, KEYENCE, Osaka, Japan), and plates were finished with ACDSee 10.0 and Photoshop CS 8.0.1, mostly to adjust the size and background.

Morphological nomenclature follows Crosskey (1951), Huber and Sharkey (1993), and Gauld and Bolton (1996). Terminology for surface sculpture follows Harris (1979). For the number of tooth-like processes on inner margin of pretarsal claw, apex is not included since it represents the tip of the claw (Turrisi 2007).

In text, the following abbreviations are used for some morphological structures: A; OOL; POL; T; S.

= antennomere

= distance between outer margin of posterior ocellus and eye

= distance between inner margins of posterior ocelli

= Tergite

= Sternite

Type material and other specimens have been examined from the following institutions:

BMNH

The , UK (Ms. Suzanne Ryder)

BPBM

Bernice P. Bishop , Honolulu (Hawaii), U.S.A. (Dr. Francis G. Howarth)

CAS

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. (Dr. Wojciech J. Pulawski)

HNHM

Hungarian , Budapest, Hungary (Dr. Csosz Sandor)

IZCAS

, Beijing, China (Dr. Jun Chen, Mr. Jian Yao, Mrs. Hong Liu)

LACM

Los Angeles County , Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. (through courtesy of Dr. David R. Smith)

OLML

Oberosterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz, Austria (Dr. Fritz Gusenleitner)

NHRS

Swedish , Department of Entomology, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr. Hege Vårdal)

SCAU

Hymenopteran Collection, South , Guangzhou, China (Dr. Zai-fu Xu)

SDEI

Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany (Prof. Joachim Oehlke, Dr. Andreas Taeger)

SEMC

Shanghai Entomological Museum, Shanghai, China (Dr. Hai-sheng Ying)

SFPS

General Station of Forest Pest Management, State Forestry Administration, Shenyang, China (Prof. Mao-Ling Sheng)

TCUC

Turrisi G.F. Collection, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

USNM

, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (Dr. David R. Smith)

ZJU

Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang , Hangzhou, China (Prof. Jun-hua He & Prof. Xue-xin Chen)

ZMHB

der Humboldt-Universitӓt, Berlin, Germany (Dr. Frank Koch)

Systematics

Key to Chinese genera of

Jurine, 1807

Jurine, 1807: 89. Type species:

Jurine:

Remarks.

The genus has been demonstrated to be paraphyletic (Turrisi et al. 2009), and to date lacks a comprehensive revision of the taxa included to ascertain phylogenetic relationships.

Alekseev, 1986

Fig. 122

Figure 122.

Distribution map of the species of Chinese ( Kieffer, 1911 is not included). 1 Alekseev, 1986 2 sp. n. 3 Turrisi, 2005 4 He & Chen, 2007. 5 Jurine, 1807. 6 Sun & Sheng, 2007 7 Turrisi & Smith, 2011 8 sp. n. 9 sp. n. 10 Enderlein, 1912. 11 Turner, 1922 12 sp. n. 13 Uchida, 1932 14 Turrisi & Madl, 2013 15 Smith, 2001 16 Sun & Sheng, 2007 17 Turrisi & Smith, 2011 18 sp. n. 19 Kieffer, 1924 20 Sun & Sheng, 2007 21 sp. n. 22 Enderlein, 1912 23 Cameron, 1907 24 He & Ma, 2002. Note: The South China Sea islands are not shown on this map.

Alekseev, 1986: 17.

Sun & Sheng, 2007b: 122. Synonymized by

Sun & Sheng:

Material examined.

No available material from China for this study. Examined material: 1 ♀ from South Korea (Tripotin P., gift to Turrisi G.F.).

Diagnosis.

Head mainly reddish-brown, with upper part of frons and median part of vertex black; fore coxa brown; metasoma black with most of first tergite (except base) and second tergite reddish-brown; lower part of frons with sparse and indistinct punctures, upper part with distinct oblique transverse carinulae; ovipositor about 0.8 × forewing length.

Distribution.

China (Heilongjiang); Russia (Primorski Krai and Skotovo) (Alekseev 1986; Sundukov and Lelej 2015); South Korea (Gangwon-do) (Smith and Tripotin 2011).

Biology.

Collected in June (Sun and Sheng 2007b). Host: Semenov-Tian-Shanskij (, ) (Smith and Tripotin 2011), Semenov-Tian-Shanskij & Gussakovskij (Sun and Sheng 2007b). Additional data on biology are provided by Smith and Tripotin (2011).

Redescription is provided by Sundukov and Lelej (2015).

sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/3EB00C7D-A9F2-4DB8-A543-95AD3AAB4479

Figs 1 , 2–7 , 8–12 , 122

Figure 1.

sp. n., holotype, female, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 2–7.

sp. n., holotype, female. 2 Antenna 3 head anterior 4 head dorsal 5 head lateral 6 mesosoma dorsal 7 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 8–12.

sp. n., holotype, female. 8 Forewing 9 hind coxae 10 hind tarsus 11 pretarsal claws 12 metasoma dorso-lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Holotype, ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Hainan, Mt. Jianfengling, 670 m, 6.V.1964, IOZ(E)1903950.

Etymology.

From the Latin adjective “magnus”, meaning “large”, a noun in apposition.

Antenna entirely black; forewing with large dark brown spots under stigma and at apex; head largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; lateroventral margin of pronotum without teeth; scutellum mostly rugose with nearly smooth area posteriorly; pretarsal claw with one basal large tooth-like process; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Description.

Holotype. Female. Body length 16.2 mm; forewing length 14.0 mm.

Colour. Black except: apical half of mandible reddish-brown; forewing hyaline, with large dark brown spot under stigma and large dark brown spot at apex; hind wing hyaline.

Head. From above, 1.2 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.5 × eye height; malar space 0.3 × eye height; occipital margin straight; temple, from above, rounded, slightly longer than eye length; occipital carina 0.1 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=0.8; head largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures (distance between punctures 1.0–4.0 × diameter of a puncture); A3 5.0 × longer than wide; A4 6.0 × longer than wide, and 1.4 × longer than A3; A5 5.5 × longer than wide, and 1.3 × longer than A3.

Mesosoma. Pronotum largely rugose, coarsely areolate-rugose in middle, with lateroventral margin regularly rounded and without teeth; propleuron shiny and largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; mesoscutum transverse-carinate anteriorly, areolate-rugose posterior to notaulus, prescutum not emarginate medially; notaulus shallow and narrow; scutellum mostly rugose with nearly smooth area posteriorly; axilla oblique-rugulose; metanotum irregularly rugose; propodeum coarsely areolate-rugose; mesopleuron and metapleuron coarsely areolate-rugose; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long: cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated; hind wing veins faint to absent; hind coxa with dorsal surface transverse-carinate basally, densely and finely punctate apically, and ventral surface rugulose-punctate to punctate, punctures coarse and dense; hind basitarsus 12.0 × longer than wide, 1.2 × longer than tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with one large basal tooth-like process.

Metasoma. Pyriform (lateral view), compressed laterally; petiole elongate, 7.0 × longer than wide; segments 1 and 2 polished and shiny; following segments with fine and dense punctures; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Male. Unknown.

China (Hainan).

Collected in May. Host not known.

Turrisi, 2005

Fig. 122

Turrisi, 2005: 798.

Turrisi:

Holotype, ♀ (OLML), CHINA: Shaanxi, Qinling, Xunyangba, 23.V–13.VI.1998, I. H. Marshal leg/ Turrisi sp. n.

Antenna extensively reddish-orange with A1–A4 and A11–A14 darker; legs blackish, except tibiae and tarsi reddish-orange; metasoma entirely black; vertex dull, strongly striolate-punctate; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

China (Shaanxi).

Collected in May or June. Host not known.

He & Chen, 2007

Fig. 122

He & Chen, 2002: 149 (preoccupied by

He & Chen, 2007: 66 (replacement name for

He & Chen:

Holotype, ♀ (ZJU), CHINA: Zhejiang, Mt. Tianmu, 2–4.VI.1990, Xin-geng Wang, No. 903191/ He & Chen sp. n., 2002/ He & Chen, nom. n., 2007.

Head mainly reddish brown, upper portion of frons and median portion of vertex black; fore and middle femora black, apically yellow, hind tibia yellow at basal 0.14, the rest blackish brown; frons punctate on upper half, transverse-striate on lower half; apical half of hind coxa with a longitudinal groove along inner side.

China (Zhejiang).

Collected in June. Host not known.

Jurine, 1807

Fig. 122

Jurine, 1807: 89–90.

Jurine:

No available material from China for this study.

Antenna entirely blackish-brown; femora, tibiae and tarsi extensively reddish-orange; metasoma extensively reddish-orange; vertex shining, irregularly, coarsely and deeply punctured, sometimes with very fine carinulae; propodeum weakly declivous; ovipositor 0.7–0.8 × forewing length.

China (Inner Mongolia) (Sun and Sheng 2007b); Europe (Smith 2001; Broad and Livermore 2014).

Collected in August (Sun and Sheng 2007b). Host not known.

The diagnosis is based on European specimens. Unfortunately, we were unable to examine Sun & Sheng’s specimens. Therefore, the status of this species in China is unclear to us.

Kieffer, 1900

Kieffer, 1900: 813. Type species:

Kieffer:

Sun & Sheng, 2007

Fig. 122

Sun & Sheng, 2007a: 216.

Sun & Sheng:

No available material for this study.

Metasoma more or less extensively reddish; hind tarsus withish-yellow; hind margin of head straight or weakly concave, without medial groove; occipital carina at most 0.2 × diameter of ocellus, pad-shaped, blackish; lateroventral margin of pronotum at least with one tooth-like process; forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 continuous; hind coxa transverse-carinate; hind basitarsus at most 1.3 × longer than tarsomeres 2–5 (Sun and Sheng 2007a).

China (Henan) (Sun and Sheng 2007a).

Collected in May. Host not known (Sun and Sheng 2007a).

Unfortunately, we were unable to examine Sun & Sheng’s specimens. The diagnosis is based on the original description of Sun and Sheng (2007a).

Turrisi & Smith, 2011

Fig. 122

Turrisi & Smith, 2011: 10.

Holotype, ♂ (CAS), CHINA: W. Hupeh Prov., Lichuan District, Hsiao-Ho/10 August 1948, Gressit & Djou, Calif. Acad. Sciences/ Turrisi & Smith sp. n.

Antenna with A1 dark reddish-brown on ventral surface; forewing infuscate, strongly infuscate on basal third and largely below stigma; hind margin of head grooved medially, occipital groove pronounced, as deep or deeper than wide; pronotum, in lateral view, with two projecting tooth-like processes, one anteroventral, the other ventral; pretarsal claw with six tooth-like processes; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated.

China (Hubei) (Turrisi and Smith 2011).

Collected in August. Host not known (Turrisi and Smith 2011).

http://zoobank.org/A4F26A90-5202-4075-B32F-9508528E8565

Figs 13 , 14–19 , 20–23 , 122

Figure 13.

sp. n., holotype, male, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 14–19.

sp. n., holotype, male. 14 Antennae 15 head anterior 16 head dorsal 17 head lateral 18 mesosoma dorsal 19 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 20–23.

sp. n., holotype, male. 20 Forewing 21 hind coxae 22 hind tarsus 23 metasoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Holotype, ♂ (IZCAS), CHINA: Yunnan, Cheli, 560 m, 26.IV.1957, Da-hua Liu, IOZ(E) 1903971.

From the Latin adjective “calidus”, meaning “hot”, a noun in apposition.

Antenna black with scape yellowish-orange; metasoma black with posterior margin of first tergite brown; forewing hyaline with a small dark brown spot under stigma; occipital margin concave, with a wide and deep medial groove; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with five tooth-like processes; forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 slightly separated.

Holotype. Male. Body length 12.1 mm; forewing length 7.1 mm.

Colour. Antenna black with scape yellowish-orange; head black with clypeus dark brown; mesosoma black; metasoma black with posterior margin of first tergite brown; mandible brown with teeth darker; palpi black; fore leg, tibia and tarsus of mind leg and tarsus of hind leg yellowish-brown, remainder of legs dark brown to black; forewing hyaline with a small dark brown spot under stigma; hind wing hyaline.

Head. From above, 1.2 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.4 × eye height; malar space 0.4 × eye height; occipital margin concave, with a wide and deep medial groove; temple, from above, rounded, distinctly longer than eye length; occipital carina 0.5 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=0.9; lower frons and clypeus densely and finely punctate, remainder of head largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; A3 3.5 × longer than wide; A4 5.8 × longer than wide, and 2.0 × longer than A3; A5 5.6 × longer than wide, and 1.9 × longer than A3.

Mesosoma. Pronotum coarsely areolate-rugose, with one anterior short tooth-like process on lateroventral margin; propleuron shiny and smooth ventrally, finely rugose on dorsal surface; mesoscutum mostly transverse-carinate, coarsely areolate-rugose along transscutal fissure and on sides, anterior part slightly emarginate medially, rounded laterally; notauli deep and wide; scutellum transverse-carinate in middle, coarsely areolate-rugose on anterior and posterior margin; axillae, metanotum, propodeum, mesopleuron and metapleuron coarsely areolate-rugose; forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 slightly separated; hind wing veins faint to absent; hind coxa transverse-carinate; hind basitarsus 10.0 × longer than wide, and 1.3 × of tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with five tooth-like processes.

Metasoma. Smooth, shining, with fine white pubescence on segment 2 to apex; petiole elongate, 5.7 × longer than wide.

Female. Unknown.

China (Yunnan).

Collected in April. Host not known.

http://zoobank.org/0B488BA3-8A8A-4C82-AF41-7F07BB80C214

Figs 24 , 25–30 , 31–34 , 122

Figure 24.

sp. n., holotype, female, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 25–30.

sp. n., holotype, female. 25 Antennae 26 head anterior 27 head dorsal 28 head lateral 29 mesosoma dorsal 30 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 31–34.

sp. n., holotype, female. 31 Forewing 32 hind coxae 33 hind tarsus 34 metasoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Holotype, ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Hubei, Zigui, Mt. Jiulingtou, 250 m, 27.VII.1993, Xiao-lin Chen, IOZ(E) 1903961.

From the Latin adjective “centralis”, meaning “placed in the middle”, a noun in apposition.

Forewing with only one brown spot below stigma; metasoma mostly yellowish-brown with first tergite largely black; occipital margin concave, with a strongly wide and deep medial groove; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; mesoscutum mostly transverse-carinate; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes; ovipositor 1.6 × forewing length.

Holotype. Female. Body length 14.2 mm; forewing length 9.4 mm.

Colour. Antenna black with scape yellowish-orange; head black with clypeus orange; mesosoma black; metasoma mostly yellowish-brown with first tergite largely PageBreakblack; mandible orange with teeth dark brown; palpi dark brown; hind coxa black, remainder of legs yellowish-orange with tarsi paler; ovipositor sheath black; forewing infuscate, with dark brown spot under stigma; hind wing hyaline.

Head. From above, 1.3 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.4 × eye height; malar space 0.4 × eye height; occipital margin concave, with a strongly wide and deep medial groove; temple, from above, rounded, slightly shorter than eye length; occipital carina 0.8 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=1.1; frons, clypeus and marlar space densely and finely punctate; vertex and temple largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; A3 6.5 × longer than wide; A4 8.7 × longer than wide, and 1.3 × longer than A3; A5 9.6 × longer than wide, and 1.1 × longer than A3.

Mesosoma. Pronotum coarsely areolate-rugose, with one anterior short tooth-like process on lateroventral margin; propleuron dull, largely finely rugose or punctate with small smooth area posterodorsally; mesoscutum mostly transverse-carinate, coarsely rugose on sides, anterior part slightly emarginate medially, rounded laterally; notauli deep and wide; scutellum transverse-carinate in middle, coarsely rugose on posterior margin; axillae, metanotum and propodeum coarsely areolate-rugose; mesopleuron mostly coarsely areolate-rugose with small rugose area anteriodorsally; metapleuron coarsely areolate-rugose; forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 slightly PageBreakseparated; hind wing with veins somewhat distinct, cells Cu and R1+Rs contiguous; hind coxa transverse-carinate; hind basitarsus 9.5 × longer than wide, and 1.2 × of tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes.

Metasoma. Smooth, shining, with fine white pubescence on segment 3 to apex; petiole elongate, slender, 4.5 × longer than wide; ovipositor 1.6 × forewing length.

Male. Unknown.

China (Hubei).

Collected in July. Host not known.

Enderlein, 1912

Figs 35 , 36–42 , 43–44 , 122

Figure 35.

Enderlein, 1912, female, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 36–42.

Enderlein, 1912, female. 36 Antenna 37 hind tarsus 38 head anterior 39 head dorsal 40 head lateral 41 mesosoma dorsal 42 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 43–44.

Enderlein, 1912, female. 43 Forewing and hind wing 44 hind coxae. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Enderlein, 1912: 265.

Enderlein:

Lectotype, ♀ (SDEI), TAIWAN: Hoozan, Formosa, II.10, H. Sauter/ Enderl., ♀, Type, Dr. Enderlein det. 1912/Syntypus/Eberswalde coll. DEI/Lectotypus ♀, Enderlein, 1912, des. T. Megjaszai 1999/ Enderlein, 1912, ♀, Lectotypus G.F. Turrisi des. 2006. Paralectotypes: 2 ♀♀ (SDEI), Hoozan, Formosa, V.10, H. Sauter/ Enderl., ♀, Type, Dr. Enderlein det. 1912/Syntypus/Eberswalde coll. DEI/Paralectotypus ♀, Enderlein, 1912, des. T. Megjaszai 1999/ Enderlein, 1912, ♀, Paralectotypus G.F. Turrisi des. 2006. Additional material: 1 ♀ (SDEI), Taiwan, Hoozan, V.1910, H. Sauter; 2 ♀♀ (SDEI), Taiwan, Anping, 22.VII.1911, H. Sauter; 1 ♀ (SDEI), Taiwan, Kankau (Koshun), V.1912, H. Sauter; 2 ♀♀ (SDEI, USNM), Taiwan, Kosempo, H. Sauter; 1 ♀ (SDEI), PageBreakTaiwan, Kosempo, 1911, H. Sauter; 2 ♂♂ (SDEI, USNM), Taiwan, Kosempo, 1912, H. Sauter; 7 ♂♂ (SDEI), Taiwan, Kosempo, V.1912, H. Sauter; 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂ (SDEI), Taiwan, Tainan, 22.VII.1911, H. Sauter; 2 ♀♀ (SDEI), Taiwan, Taihorin, V.1910, H. Sauter; 1 ♀ (ZMHB), Taiwan, Hoozan, IX.1910, Sauter (ZMHB); 2 ♀♀ (ZMHB), Taiwan, Taihorish, VI.1910, H. Sauter S-G.; 1 ♀, 1 ♂ (ZMHB), Taiwan, IX.1910; 1 ♂ (ZMHB), Taiwan, X.1910; 1 ♀ (HNHM), Taiwan, Taihorinsho, IX.1909, Sauter; 3 ♀♀ (HNHM), Taiwan, Kosempo, IX.1909, Sauter; 1 ♀ (LACM), Taiwan, Puli Village, Nam-tou, Hsien, 15-30.XII.1963, coll. K.H. Chen. 1 ♀ (NHRS) Taiwan, Hoozan, 7.IX.1910, H. Sauter leg. (labelled as “Cotypus”); 1 ♂ (USNM), Taiwan, Keelung, 1910, Victor Kühne leg. CHINA: 1 ♀ (IZCAS), Hainan, Mt. Jianfengling, 2.VI.1982, Pei-zheng Chen, IOZ(E) 1903947; 1 ♀ (SCAU), Hunan, Yongzhou, 27.VI.1981, Tong Xin-wang; 1 ♀ (USNM), Hong Kong, Pak Sha O, , 3.VI.2005, Ch. Bartelemy leg.; 1 ♀ (TCUC), Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau Forest, 50Q KK 094 813, 370 m, 21.VI.2006, Ch. Barthélémy leg.

Antenna black with scape brown; forewing with wide and irregular brown spots on basal part, below stigma and on apex; metasoma black with second tergite brown anteriorly; occipital margin concave, with a wide and deep medial groove; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; ovipositor 1.2 × forewing length.

China (Taiwan, Hunan, Hongkong, Hainan); Korea; Japan; Laos (Turrisi and Smith 2011; Choi et al. 2013).

Redescriptions and data on intraspecific variation are provided by Konishi (1990, 1991) and Turrisi (2007). Additional notes on identification and distribution are provided by Turrisi and Smith (2011).

Collected in May–July, September, October, and December. Host: Matsushita, 1933 (, ) (Konishi 1991) and Dillon & Dillon (, ) (Turrisi and Smith 2011).

Turner, 1922

Figs 45 , 46–51 , 52–55 , 122

Figure 45.

Turner, 1922, male, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 46–51.

Turner, 1922, male. 46 Antenna 47 head anterior 48 head dorsal 49 head lateral 50 mesosoma dorsal 51 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 52–55.

Turner, 1922, male. 52 Forewing and hind wing 53 hind coxae 54 hind tarsus 55 metasoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Turner 1922: 271.

Turner:

Holotype, ♀ (BMNH) examined (see Turrisi and Smith 2011). Additional material: 1 ♂ (IZCAS), CHINA: Guangxi, Ningming, 102 m, 17.V.1984, Gui-biao Luo, IOZ(E) 1903963; 1 ♂ (IZCAS), Guangxi, Chongming, 110 m, 20.V.1984, Jin-yi Huang, IOZ(E) 1903964.

Metasoma black with transverse patch near posterior margin of first tergite and anterior margin of second tergite yellowish-brown; forewing infuscate, with anterior third darker and dark brown spot under stigma; occipital margin concave, V-shaped, its depth very shallow; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes.

China (Guangxi); Vietnam (Turrisi and Smith 2011).

Collected in May and August (Turrisi and Smith 2011). Host not known.

Redescription is provided by Turrisi (2007). This is the first description of the male and the first record of this species from China.

http://zoobank.org/68C2B82D-9CEB-48BD-9097-DEF7A9CE4E2A

Figs 56 , 57–62 , 63–65 , 122

Figure 56.

sp. n., holotype, male, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 57–62.

sp. n., holotype, male. 57 Antennae 58 head anterior 59 head dorsal 60 head lateral 61 mesosoma dorsal 62 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 63–65.

sp. n., holotype, male. 63 Hind coxae 64 hind tarsus 65 metasoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Holotype, ♂ (IZCAS), CHINA: Shaanxi, Foping, 900 m, 27.VI.1999, Jian Hu, IOZ(E) 1903962.

Named after the type locality.

Frons with yellow areas around antennae; hind margin of head straight, without medial groove; lateroventral margin of pronotum with one tooth-like process; propleuron largely finely rugose with small smooth area posterodorsally; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated; hind coxa transverse-carinate.

Holotype. Male. Body length 12.3 mm; forewing length 8.8 mm.

Colour. Antenna black with scape brown; head black with clypeus and lower frons under antennal sockets yellow; mesosoma black; metasoma black with first tergite and PageBreakanterior margin of second tergite brown; mandible dark brown; palpi yellowish-brown; coxae and hind femura black, remainder of legs yellowish-orange with tarsi paler; forewing slightly infuscate, with dark brown spot under stigma; hind wing hyaline.

Head. From above, 1.2 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.5 × eye height; malar space 0.3 × eye height; occipital margin straight; temple, from above, rounded, slightly shorter than eye length; occipital carina 0.1 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=0.8; frons above antennal sockets and marlar space densely and finely punctate, remainder of head largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; A3 3.0 × longer than wide; A4 5.0 × longer than wide, and 1.6 × longer than A3; A5 5.4 × longer than wide, and 1.7 × longer than A3.

Mesosoma. Pronotum coarsely areolate-rugose, with one anterior short tooth-like process on each lateroventral margin; propleuron dull, largely finely rugose with small smooth area posterodorsally; mesoscutum transverse-carinate anteriorly, coarsely areolate-rugose posterior to notauli, anterior part emarginate medially, rounded laterally; notauli deep and wide posteriorly, becoming narrower anteriorly; scutellum transverse-carinate in middle, coarsely rugose on posterior margin; axillae, metanotum and propodeum coarsely areolate-rugose; mesopleuron mostly coarsely areolate-rugose with small rugose area anteriodorsally; metapleuron coarsely areolate-rugose; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated; hind wing with veins distinct, cells Cu and R1+Rs contiguous; hind coxa transverse-carinate; hind basitarsus 9.6 × longer than wide, and 1.2 × of tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes.

Metasoma. Smooth, shining, with fine white pubescence on segment 3 to apex; petiole elongate, slender, 3.5 × longer than wide.

Female. Unknown.

China (Shaanxi).

Collected in June. Host not known.

Uchida, 1932

Figs 66 , 67–73 , 74–75 , 122

Figure 66.

Uchida, 1932, female, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 67–73.

Uchida, 1932, female. 67 Antenna 68 hind tarsus 69 head anterior 70 head dorsal 71 head lateral 72 mesosoma dorsal 73 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 74–75.

Uchida, 1932, female. 74 Forewing and hind wing 75 metasoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Uchida, 1932: 190.

Uchida:

CHINA: 1 ♀ (IZCAS), Jilin, Jiaogou, 21.VII.1985, IOZ(E) 1903967; 1 ♀ (IZCAS), Jilin, Mangjiang, 26.VII.1955, Zhi-yin Li, IOZ(E) 1903965; 1 ♀ (IZCAS); Yunnan, Menghai, 17.IV.1982, Chun-mei Huang, IOZ(E) 1903966; 1 ♀ (OLML), Shaanxi province, Mounts Qinling, Xunyangba (6 km E), 1000–1300 m, 23.V–13.VI.1998, I.H. Marshal leg.

Forewing slightly infuscate, with large dark brown spot under stigma; metasoma entirely blackish, at most slightly lightened basally; basal antennomeres PageBreakelongate (A3 5.0–6.0 × longer than wide, A4 10.0 × longer than wide); occipital margin straight, wide, 0.5 × diameter of ocellus, lamelliform, brownish; lateroventral margin of pronotum without process; ovipositor 1.3 × forewing length.

China (Liaoning, Jilin, Shaanxi, Yunnan); Japan; South Korea (Lee and Turrisi 2008; Smith and Tripotin 2011).

Collected from April to August. Host: (Chevrolat, 1863) (, ) (Uchida 1932).

This is the first record of this species from the Oriental Region.

Turrisi & Madl, 2013

Figs 76 , 77–82 , 83–87 , 122

Figure 76.

Turrisi & Madl, 2013, female, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 77–82.

Turrisi & Madl, 2013, female. 77 Antennae 78 head anterior 79 head dorsal 80 head lateral 81 mesosoma dorsal 82 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 83–87.

Turrisi & Madl, 2013, female. 83 Forewing and hind wing 84 hind coxae 85 hind tarsus 86 metasoma lateral 87 metasoma dorsal. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Turrisi & Madl, 2013: 239.

Holotype, ♀ (BPBM), THAILAND: NW. Chiangmai: Fang, 500 m. IV–12–19–’58/T.C. Maa Collector, No. 388/ Turrisi and Madl sp. n. ♀ 2010 Holotypus. Additional material: CHINA: 1 ♀ (IZCAS), Yunnan, Baoshan, 1700 m, 18.V.1955, Kpыжановский O. Ӆ., IOZ(E) 1903954.

Metasoma black with posterior half of first tergite brown; forewing infuscate, with anterior third darker and large dark brown spot under stigma; lateral margin of pronotum with two well-developed tooth-like processes; pretarsal claw with six tooth-like processes; ovipositor 0.8 × forewing length.

China (Yunnan); Thailand (Turrisi and Madl 2013).

Collected in April and May. Host not known.

This species is newly recorded from China.

Smith, 2001

Fig. 122

Enderlein, 1912: 266 (preoccupied by

Smith, 2001: 288 (replacement name for

Smith:

CHINA: 1 ♀, Taiwan (Hoozan), labelled as syntypus of (SDEI).

Metasoma extensively reddish orange; basal antennomeres elongate (A3 5.0–6.0 × longer than wide, A4 10.0 × longer than wide); occipital carina straight, wide, 0.5 × diameter of ocellus, lamelliform, brownish.

China (Henan, Jiangsu, Taiwan) (Sun and Sheng 2007a); India (Smith 2001).

Collected from May to July. Host not known.

Sun and Sheng (2007a) recorded this species from Henan and Jiansu. However, we were unable to examine Sun & Sheng’s specimens.

Kieffer, 1911

Kieffer, 1911: 230.

Kieffer:

Holotype, ♀, CHINA: “B.M. Type Hym. 3.a.99/ Kieff./F. Sm. Coll. 79.22/ determined by Dr. Kieffer” (BMNH).

Mandible extensively dark red, with base and apex blackish; forewing slightly infuscate at apex, with a small irregular and narrow brown substigmal spot and a small irregular brown spot on middle part of B; metasoma reddish-brown, with T1 and T2 extensively reddish-orange and petiole blackish; occipital carina wide, lamelliform, 0.5 × diameter of an ocellus; A3 8.3 × longer than wide; A4 14.0 × longer than wide, and 1.7 × longer than A3; pronotum with a weak anterior tooth-like process on lateroventral margin; hind basitarsus 14.0 × longer than wide, and slightly longer than tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes; metasoma with petiole elongate and slender, 2.0 × longer than wide.

China (unknown whether Palaearctic or Oriental) (Turrisi 2007; Turrisi et al. 2009).

Unknown.

Redescription is provided by Turrisi (2007).

Sun & Sheng, 2007

Fig. 122

Sun & Sheng, 2007a: 217.

Sun & Sheng:

Paratype: 1 ♀ (SFPS), CHINA: Lingshan, Henan, 1999.5.24, M.-L. Sheng//400–500 m, 1999.5.24/ Sun & Sheng.

Hind margin of head straight; occipital carina about 0.2 × diameter of ocellus, pad-shaped, blackish; lateroventral margin of pronotum with one tooth-like process; hind coxa entirely smooth, polished.

China (Henan) (Sun and Sheng 2007a).

Collected in May (Sun and Sheng 2007a). Host not known.

Turrisi & Smith, 2011

Fig. 122

Turrisi & Smith, 2011: 41.

Holotype, ♀ (ZMHB), CHINA: Canton (China), Westfluss, Ting-Wu-San, Mell S.G./Zool. Mus. Berlin/[unreadable handwritten label]/ Turrisi & Smith sp. n., ♀, 2009, Holotypus. Paratypes: 1 ♀ (USNM), F, China, NGistGee, coll./ Turrisi & Smith sp. n., ♀, 2009, Paratypus; 3 ♀♀ (BMNH), China Macao/ Turrisi & Smith sp. n., ♀, 2009, Paratypus; 1 ♀ (USNM), Tai-o Lantau Isl, Hong Kong, VI.12.1978/RD Montgomery colr/Davis/USNM 2046975/ Turrisi & Smith sp. n., ♀, 2009, Paratypus.

Metasoma with second tergite extensively dark reddish; occipital margin weakly grooved medially; lateroventral margin of pronotum with two well-developed tooth-like processes; pretarsal claw with six tooth-like processes; ovipositor 1.4 × forewing length.

China (Jiangsu, Guangdong, Hongkong, Macao) (Turrisi and Smith 2011).

Collected in June. Host not known (Turrisi and Smith 2011).

http://zoobank.org/65606CFD-531D-4BD4-9AED-FB05CC4976C5

Figs 88 , 89–94 , 95–98 , 122

Figure 88.

sp. n., holotype, female, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 89–94.

sp. n., holotype, female. 89 Antenna 90 head anterior 91 head dorsal 92 head lateral 93 mesosoma dorsal 94 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 95–98.

sp. n., holotype, female. 95 Forewing 96 hind coxae 97 hind tarsus 98 metasoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Holotype, ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Yunnan, Nanhua County, 2400 m, 24.VI.1980, Pei-zhi Yang, IOZ(E) 1903948. Paratype, 1 ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Yunnan, Jingdong, Waidaba, 1250 m, 26.V.1956, Xing-chi Yang, IOZ(E) 1903949.

From the Latin adjective “obscurus”, meaning “dark, black”, a noun in apposition.

Body and legs entirely black; forewing hyaline, with dark brown spot under stigma; occipital margin straight; lateroventral margin of pronotum with one tooth-like processes; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated; ovipositor 0.8 × forewing length.

Holotype. Female. Body length 12.0 mm; forewing length 9.4 mm.

Colour. Black except: forewing hyaline, with dark brown spot under stigma; hind wing hyaline.

Head. From above, 1.3 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.7 × eye height; malar space 0.3 × eye height; occipital margin straight; temple, from above, rounded, distinctly shorter than eye length; occipital carina 0.1 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=1.0; head largely smooth except frons above and lateral antenna densely and finely punctate; A3 3.7 × longer than wide; A4 6.0 × longer than wide, and 1.6 × longer than A3; A5 6.3 × longer than wide, and 1.8 × longer than A3.

Mesosoma. Pronotum coarsely areolate-rugose, with one anterior short tooth-like process on lateroventral margin; propleuron smooth and shiny; mesoscutum transverse-carinate anteriorly, irregularly rugose posterior to notauli, anterior part strongly emarginate medially, slightly pointed laterally; notauli deep and wide; scutellum transverse-carinate medially, areolate-rugose laterally; axillae areolate-rugose; metanotum, propodeum, mesopleuron and metapleuron coarsely areolate-rugose; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated; hind wing veins faint to absent; hind coxa transverse-carinate; hind basitarsus 8.5 × longer than wide, and 1.2 × of tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes.

Metasoma. Smooth, shining, with fine white pubescence on segment 3 to apex; petiole elongate, 3.8 × longer than wide; ovipositor 0.8 × forewing length.

Male. Unknown.

China (Yunnan).

Collected in May and June. Host not known.

Kieffer, 1924

Fig. 122

Kieffer, 1924: 79.

Kieffer:

The type material is not known (Smith 2001), and no additional specimen is currently known.

Hind margin of head straight, without medial groove; lateroventral margin of pronotum without tooth-like process (Kieffer 1924).

China (Jiangsu).

The holotype was collected in July. Host not known.

Sun & Sheng, 2007

Fig. 122

Sun & Sheng, 2007a: 217.

Sun & Sheng:

Paratype, 1 ♀ (SFPS), CHINA: Henan, Lingshan, 400–500 m, 24.V.1999, M. L. Sheng/ Sun & Sheng, sp. n.

Antenna with A1 light orange and A2 dark reddish; metasoma with side of first tergite, most of second tergite and side of third tergite irregulary orange; occipital margin concave, with a wide and deep medial groove; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes; ovipositor 1.2 × forewing length.

China (Henan) (Sun and Sheng 2007a).

Collected in May (Sun and Sheng 2007a). Host not known.

Redescription is provided by Turrisi and Smith (2011).

http://zoobank.org/B66E7537-6642-4B01-9DE2-7315591CDC6F

Figs 99 , 100–106 , 107–110 , 122

Figure 99.

sp. n., paratype, female, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 100–106.

sp. n., paratype, female. 100 Antenna 101 hind tarsi 102 head anterior 103 head dorsal 104 head lateral 105 mesosoma dorsal 106 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 107–110.

sp. n., paratype, female. 107 Forewing and hind wing 108 hind coxae 109 metasoma lateral 110 metasoma dorsal. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Holotype, ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Guangxi, Longteng, Mt. Tianping, 740 m, 18.VI.1962, Shu-yong Wang, IOZ(E) 1903953. Paratypes: 1 ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Yunnan, Jinping, Mengla, 420 m, 21.IV.1956, Ke-ren Huang et al., IOZ(E) 1903951; 1 ♀ (IZCAS), Yunnan, Jinping, Mengla, 400 m, 24.IV.1956, Ke-ren Huang et al., IOZ(E) 1903952.

The name refers to the similar appearance to .

Body black; forewing infuscate, with large dark brown spot under stigma; occipital margin concave, with a wide and deep medial groove; pronotum with two anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with six tooth-like processes; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Holotype. Female. Body length 16.6 mm; forewing length 11.3 mm.

Colour. Black except: scape of antenna, palpi and tarsi dark brown; forewing infuscate, with large dark brown spot under stigma; basal 2/3 of hind wing hyaline, apical 1/3 infuscate.

Head. From above, 1.2 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.3 × eye height; malar space 0.2 × eye height; occipital margin concave, with a wide and deep medial groove; temple, from above, rounded, distinctly longer than eye length; occipital carina 0.3 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=1.1; frons and clypeus densely and finely punctate; vertex and temple largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; PageBreakA3 2.4 × longer than wide; A4 3.7 × longer than wide, and 1.8 × longer than A3; A5 3.2 × longer than wide, and 1.5 × longer than A3.

Mesosoma. Pronotum coarsely areolate-rugose, with two well-developed anterior and posterior tooth-like processes on lateroventral margin; propleuron largely smooth with sparse fine punctures, shiny; mesoscutum transverse-carinate anteromedially, remainder of mesocutum coarsely areolate-rugose, anterior part strongly emarginate medially, rounded laterally; notauli deep but narrow; scutellum, axillae, metanotum, propodeum, mesopleuron and metapleuron coarsely areolate-rugose; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, PageBreakcells SM2 and D1 distantly separated; hind wing with veins somewhat distinct, cells Cu and R1+Rs contiguous; hind coxa transverse-carinate; hind basitarsus 11.3 × longer than wide, and 1.1 × of tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with six tooth-like processes.

Metasoma. Smooth, shining, with fine white pubescence on segment 3 to apex; petiole elongate, 3.3 × longer than wide; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Male. Unknown.

China (Guangxi, Yunnan).

Collected in April and June. Host not known.

Enderlein, 1912

Fig. 122

Enderlein, 1912: 266.

Enderlein:

Holotypus, ♀ (SDEI), CHINA: Formosa, Hoozan, Sauter H./ Enderlein sp. n. Other material: 1 ♂ (TCUC), Taiwan, Gaofong Ln., about 1400 m, Ren-ai T. Nantou, 7–9.V.2009, Takakuwa M. leg.

Antenna reddish-orange with A1 lighter; legs light reddish-orange, except coxae and hind trochanters darker; metasoma largely black, except S1, most part of T2 and apex of following tergites dark reddish; occipital margin straight; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes; ovipositor 1.8 × forewing length.

Redescription.

Holotype. Female. Body length 14.8 mm; forewing length 11.9 mm.

Colour. Blackish-brown except: clypeus extensively dark brown; mandible extensively reddish-orange, with apex blackish; maxillo-labial complex brownish to dark brownish; antenna reddish-orange with A1 lighter; legs light red orange, except coxae and hind trochanter darker; wings hyaline, forewing with a wide brown spot below stigma (two third as wide as stigma width) not extending beyond cells SM-1 and R; metasoma largely black, except S1, most part of T2 and apex of following tergites dark reddish; valvula 3 of ovipositor dark brown to blackish-brown. Setae: whitish to goldish.

Head. From above, 1.4 × wider than long, shiny; occipital margin straight; temple, from above, weakly developed, weakly convex; occipital carina about 0.2 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL= 1.2; vertex and temple with fine, and scattered to dense punctures (distance between punctures 3.0–1.5 × diameter of a puncture); frons with coarse, and scattered to dense punctures (distance between punctures 3.0–1.0 × diameter of a puncture); clypeus with coarse, and dense punctures; malar area with coarse, and dense punctures; occipital area with fine, and dense punctures (distance between punctures about 1.5 × diameter of an ocellus).

Mesosoma. Coarsely sculptured; pronotum areolate punctate, except lower third, coarsely punctate to areolate rugulose, with one weakly developed anterior tooth on each lateroventral margin; propleuron polished and shiny, coarsely, deeply, and densely punctate-rugulose on dorsal surface, with coarse, deep, and scattered to dense punctures on ventral surface (distance between punctures 1.0–2.0 × diameter of a puncture); prescutum sub-triangular, very wide, not concave, transverse-carinulate-punctate to transverse-carinate; mesoscutum transverse-carinate, with anterior part slightly emarginate in middle, rounded (lateral view); notauli deep and narrow; scutellum transverse-carinate; mesopleuron areolate-rugose (upper part) to rugulose-punctate-carinulate (lower part), except a wide part of subalar area, punctate-rugulose; metanotum mostly smooth, with a few confused carinulae; propodeum areolate-rugose, except anterior margin longitudinally carinate; ventral parts of mesosoma rugose to punctate; forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 continuous; fore coxa polished with coarse, deep, and dense punctures; mid coxa rugulose-punctate; hind coxa with very coarse, deep, and dense punctures on most of dorsal surface (with a few transverse weakly defined carinae in middle), mostly polished (rugose on sides) and punctate on ventral surface (punctures coarse, deep, and dense, distances between punctures 0.5–1.0 × diameter of a puncture); hind basitarsus 13.4 × longer than wide and 1.9 × longer than tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes.

Metasoma. Pyriform (lateral view), compressed laterally; petiole elongate, slender, 4.4 × as long as wide; segments 1 and 2 polished and shiny; following segments with fine and dense punctures; ovipositor 1.8 × forewing length.

Male. Similar to the female, but metasoma darker.

China (Taiwan).

Unknown.

Cameron, 1907

Figs 111 , 112–117 , 118–121 , 122

Figure 111.

Cameron, 1907, female, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 112–117.

Cameron, 1907, female. 112 Antennae 113 head anterior 114 head dorsal 115 head lateral 116 mesosoma dorsal 117 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 118–121.

Cameron, 1907, female. 118 Forewing and hind wing 119 hind coxae 120 hind tarsus 121 metasoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Cameron, 1907: 222.

Cameron:

1 ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Yunnan, Jingdong, 1200 m, 6.III.1957, IOZ(E) 1903968; 1 ♀ (IZCAS), Yunnan, Lushui, 1900 m, 8.VI.1981, Su-bo Liao, IOZ(E) 1903969; 1 ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Gansu, Kang County, Qinghe Forestry Station, 2250 m, 8.VII.1999, Hong-jian Wang, IOZ(E) 1903970.

Metasoma black with first tergite largely brown; fore hyaline with dark brown spot under stigma; occipital margin straight; occipital carina 0.1 × diameter of an ocellus; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Female. Body length 8.7 mm; forewing length 6.8 mm.

Colour. Antenna black with scape yellowish-orange; head black with clypeus dark brown; mesosoma black; first tergite largely brown, and remainder of tergites black; mandible brown with teeth darker; palpi brown; coxae black, femur and tibia dark brown, remainder of legs yellowish-orange with tarsi paler; ovipositor brown; fore hyaline with dark brown spot under stigma; hind wing hyaline.

Head. From above, 1.4 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.5 × eye height; malar space 0.3 × eye height; occipital margin straight; temple, from above, rounded, slightly shorter than eye length; occipital carina 0.1 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=1.3; lower frons and clypeus densely and finely punctate, remainder of head largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; A3 3.7 × longer than wide; A4 6.6 × longer than wide, and 1.7 × longer than A3; A5 6.2 × longer than wide, and 1.5 × longer than A3.

Mesosoma. Pronotum coarsely rugose, with one anterior small process on lateroventral margin; propleuron dull, densely punctate ventrally, finely rugose with PageBreaksmall smooth area dorsally; mesoscutum mostly transverse-carinate, coarsely rugose on sides, anterior part slightly emarginate medially, rounded laterally; notauli deep and wide; scutellum transverse-carinate in middle, coarsely rugose on anterior and posterior margin; axillae coarsely areolate-rugose; metanotum coarsely rugose; propodeum largely coarsely areolate-rugose, coarsely rugose in middle; mesopleuron coarsely areolate-rugose posteriodorsally, remainder rugose; metapleuron coarsely areolate-rugose; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated; hind wing veins faint to absent; hind coxa transverse-carinate; hind basitarsus 8.5 × longer than wide, and 1.3 × of tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes.

Metasoma. Smooth, shining, with fine white pubescence on segment 2 to apex; petiole elongate, 2.4 × longer than wide; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Male. Unknown.

China (Gansu, Yunnan); India (Cameron 1907).

Collected in March, June and July. Host not known.

This is a newly recorded species for China.

He & Ma, 2002

Fig. 122

He & Ma, 2002: 150.

He & Ma:

Holotype, ♀ (ZJU), CHINA: Zhejiang, Mt. Fengyang, 16.VIII.1982, De-ming Yu, No. 826802/ He & Ma, sp. n. Paratypes: 1 ♀ (ZJU), Zhejiang, Mt. Fengyang, 19.IV.1984, li-rong Shen, No. 843798/ He & Ma, sp. n. Additional material: 1 ♀ (SEMC), PageBreakCHINA: Fujian, Yong’an, Xiyang, 27.IV.1960, Geng-tao Jin, 34008303; 1 ♀ (SCAU), CHINA: Hunan, 1981, Tong Xin-wang.

Metasoma black with posterior margin of first tergite dark brown; tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown with tarsi paler, remainder of legs dark brown to black; forewing infuscate, with large dark brown spot under stigma; occipital margin straight; occipital carina 0.1 × diameter of an ocellus; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Female. Body length 10.1 mm; forewing length 7.2 mm.

Colour. Black except: scape of antenna dark brown; mandible yellowish-brown with teeth darker; posterior margin of first tergite dark brown; tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown with tarsi paler, remainder of legs dark brown to black; forewing infuscate, with large dark brown spot under stigma; hind wing infuscate.

Head. From above, 1.4 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.5 × eye height; malar space 0.3 × eye height; occipital margin straight; temple, from above, rounded, slightly longer than eye length; occipital carina 0.1 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=1.1; malar area densely and finely punctate, remainder of head largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; A3 3.4 × longer than wide; A4 5.8 × longer than wide, and 1.8 × longer than A3; A5 5.3 × longer than wide, and 1.6 × longer than A3.

Mesosoma. Pronotum coarsely areolate-rugose, with one anterior short tooth-like process on lateroventral margin; propleuron dull, mostly finely rugose, posteroventral corner smooth with sparse fine punctures; mesoscutum transverse-carinate anteriorly, irregularly rugose posterior to notauli, anterior part slightly emarginate medially, rounded laterally; notauli deep and wide; scutellum transverse-carinate in middle, irregularly rugose on anterior and posterior margin; axillae, metanotum and propodeum coarsely areolate-rugose; mesopleuron mostly coarsely areolate-rugose with small rugose area anteriodorsally; metapleuron coarsely areolate-rugose; forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 slightly separated; hind wing with veins somewhat distinct, cells Cu and R1+Rs contiguous; hind coxa rugose; hind basitarsus 11.4 × longer than wide, and 1.1 × of tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes.

Metasoma. Smooth, shining, with fine white pubescence on segment 2 to apex; petiole elongate, slender, 2.9 × longer than wide; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Male. Unknown.

China (Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan).

Collected in April and August. Host not known.

1	Occipital carina absent (Fig. 5); forewing with cross-vein 2r-m, with 2-rs+m long (as in Fig. 8), almost as long as 1sr+m; hind coxa of female without groove or notch on inner lateral surface (Fig. 9); pretarsal claw not pectinate, without tooth-like processes along inner margin (Fig. 11)	Aulacus Jurine
–	Occipital carina present (Figs 16, 17, 27, 28, 39, 40, 49, 60, 71, 79, 80, 92, 103, 104, 114, 115); forewing without cross-vein 2r-m, with 2-rs+m relatively short (as in Figs 95, 107, 118) or extremely short (as in Figs 20, 31, 43, 74, 83); hind coxa of female with groove or notch on inner lateral surface (Figs 32, 44, 96, 108); pretarsal claw pectinate with two to six distinct tooth-like processes along inner margin (Figs 22, 37, 54, 64, 68, 85, 97, 101, 120)	Pristaulacus Kieffer

1	Metasoma entirely black	2
–	Metasoma at least with 2nd and 3rd tergites brown or reddish-brown	3
2	Antenna black (Fig. 2); forewing with large dark brown spot under stigma and at apex (Fig. 8)	Aulacus magnus sp. n.
–	Antenna extensively reddish-orange, with A1–A4 and A11–A14 dark orange; forewing without dark brown spots	Aulacus schoenitzeri Turrisi
3	Head mainly black with malar area and gena brown	Aulacus striatus Jurine
–	Head mainly reddish-brown, with upper part of frons and median part of vertex black	4
4	Fore coxa brown; lower part of frons with sparse punctures, upper part with oblique transverse carinulae	Aulacus flavigenis Alekseev
–	Fore coxa black; lower part of frons transverse-carinate, upper part punctate	Aulacus sinensis He & Chen

1	Hind margin of head straight or weakly concave, without medial groove (Figs 59, 72, 91, 114); occipital carina not interrupted (Figs 59, 72, 91, 114)	2
–	Hind margin of head more or less grooved medially (Figs 16, 27, 39, 48, 79, 103); occipital carina interrupted (Figs 16, 27, 39, 48, 79, 103)	12
2	Lateroventral margin of pronotum without tooth-like process	Pristaulacus pieli Kieffer
–	Lateroventral margin of pronotum at least with one tooth-like process (Figs 19, 30, 42, 51, 62, 73, 82, 94, 104, 117)	3
3	Hind basitarsus 1.9 × longer than tarsomeres 2–5	Pristaulacus rufipes Enderlein
–	Hind basitarsus at most 1.3 × longer than tarsomeres 2–5	4
4	Occipital carina wide, 0.5 × diameter of ocellus, lamelliform, brownish	5
–	Occipital carina at most 0.2 × diameter of ocellus, pad-shaped, blackish	7
5	Large sized species (body length, excluding ovipositor about 15.0 mm); basal antennomeres very elongate (A3 8.3 × longer than wide, A4 14.0 × longer than wide)	Pristaulacus longicornis Kieffer
-	Medium sized species (body length, excluding ovipositor about 10.0-11.0 mm); basal antennomeres elongate (A3 5.0–6.0 × longer than wide, A4 10.0 × longer than wide) (Fig. 67)	6
6	Metasoma entirely blackish, at most slightly lightened basally (Fig. 75)	Pristaulacus intermedius Uchida
–	Metasoma extensively reddish orange	Pristaulacus karinulus Smith
7	Hind coxa entirely smooth, polished	Pristaulacus memnonius Sun & Sheng
–	Hind coxa transverse-carinate or rugose	8
8	Hind coxa rugose	Pristaulacus zhejiangensis He & Ma
–	Hind coxa transverse-carinate	9
9	Forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 continuous	Pristaulacus albitarsatus Sun & Sheng
–	Forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distinctly separated (Figs 95, 118)	10
10	Metasoma entirely black (Fig. 98); hind tarsus black (Fig. 88)	Pristaulacus obscurus sp. n.
–	Metasoma at least with first tergite brown (Figs 65, 121); hind tarsus yellowish-brown (Figs 56, 111)	11
11	Frons with yellow areas around antennae (Fig. 58); propleuron largely finely rugose with small smooth area posterodorsally (Fig. 60)	Pristaulacus fopingi sp. n.
–	Frons entirely black (Fig. 113); propleuron densely punctate ventrally, finely rugose with small smooth area dorsally (Fig. 115)	Pristaulacus rufobalteatus Cameron
12	Pronotum, in lateral view, with two projecting tooth-like processes, one anteroventral, the other ventral; pretarsal claw with six tooth-like processes	13
–	Pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with four or five tooth-like processes	16
13	Occipital groove pronounced, as deep or deeper than wide	Pristaulacus asiaticus Turrisi & Smith
–	Occipital groove shallow, less deep than wide (Fig. 103)	14
14	Ovipositor 1.4 × forewing length	Pristaulacus nobilei Turrisi & Smith
–	Ovipositor 0.8–0.9 × forewing length	15
15	Forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 slightly separated; propleuron dull, finely rugose with small smooth area dorsally	Pristaulacus iosephi Turrisi & Madl
–	Forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated (Fig. 107); propleuron shiny, largely smooth with sparse fine punctures (Fig. 104)	Pristaulacus pseudoiosephi sp. n.
16	Occipital carina not interrupted along occipital medial groove (Fig. 49); occipital medial groove V-shaped, its depth very shallow (Fig. 49)	Pristaulacus excisus Turner
–	Occipital carina interrupted along occipital medial groove; occipital medial groove abruptly shaped, from narrow to wide and deep (Figs 27, 39)	17
17	Forewing with wide and irregular brown spots on basal part, below stigma and on apex	Pristaulacus comptipennis Enderlein
–	Forewing with only one brown spot below stigma	18
18	Mesoscutum mostly areolate-rugose	Pristaulacus porcatus Sun & Sheng
–	Mesoscutum mostly transverse-carinate (Figs 18, 29)	19
19	Setae on body golden brown (Fig. 24); punctures on frons deep and dense, distance between punctures 0.5–1.0 × diameter of a puncture (Fig. 26)	Pristaulacus centralis sp. n.
–	Setae on body white (Fig. 13); punctures on frons deep and scattered, distance between punctures 2.0–3.0 × diameter of a puncture (Fig. 15)	Pristaulacus calidus sp. n.