Nephrogenesis in organoids to develop novel drugs and progenitor cell based therapies.

New therapies that are derived from small molecules and stem/progenitor cells should be developed to face the increasing occurrence of end stage renal disease where treatments are currently limited. Over the last decade a significant progress in the knowledge of how the organs are assembled have been made and led to development of novel three-dimensional organoid assays, also for the kidney. Indeed, such organoids provide novel tool to study aspects of drugs nephrotoxicity, openings for renal disease modeling and cell therapy development and may offer solutions for end stage renal disease.