BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated single-gene changes modulated by spinal cord stimulation (SCS), providing a narrow understanding of molecular changes. Genomics allows for a robust analysis of holistic gene changes in response to stimulation. METHODS: Rats were randomized into six groups to determine the effect of continuous SCS in uninjured and spared-nerve injury (SNI) animals. After behavioral assessment, tissues from the dorsal quadrant of the spinal cord (SC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) underwent full-genome microarray analyses. Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA), and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis identified similar expression patterns, molecular functions and biological processes for significant genes. RESULTS: Microarray analyses reported 20,985 gene probes in SC and 19,104 in DRG. WGCNA sorted 7449 SC and 4275 DRG gene probes into 29 and 9 modules, respectively. WGCNA provided significant modules from paired comparisons of experimental groups. GO analyses reported significant biological processes influenced by injury, as well as the presence of an electric field. The genes Tlr2, Cxcl16, and Cd68 were used to further validate the microarray based on significant response to SCS in SNI animals. They were up-regulated in the SC while both Tlr2 and Cd68 were up-regulated in the DRG. CONCLUSIONS: The process described provides highly significant interconnected genes and pathways responsive to injury and/or electric field in the SC and DRG. Genes in the SC respond significantly to the SCS in both injured and uninjured animals, while those in the DRG significantly responded to injury, and SCS in injured animals.
BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated single-gene changes modulated by spinal cord stimulation (SCS), providing a narrow understanding of molecular changes. Genomics allows for a robust analysis of holistic gene changes in response to stimulation. METHODS: Rats were randomized into six groups to determine the effect of continuous SCS in uninjured and spared-nerve injury (SNI) animals. After behavioral assessment, tissues from the dorsal quadrant of the spinal cord (SC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) underwent full-genome microarray analyses. Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA), and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis identified similar expression patterns, molecular functions and biological processes for significant genes. RESULTS: Microarray analyses reported 20,985 gene probes in SC and 19,104 in DRG. WGCNA sorted 7449 SC and 4275 DRG gene probes into 29 and 9 modules, respectively. WGCNA provided significant modules from paired comparisons of experimental groups. GO analyses reported significant biological processes influenced by injury, as well as the presence of an electric field. The genes Tlr2, Cxcl16, and Cd68 were used to further validate the microarray based on significant response to SCS in SNI animals. They were up-regulated in the SC while both Tlr2 and Cd68 were up-regulated in the DRG. CONCLUSIONS: The process described provides highly significant interconnected genes and pathways responsive to injury and/or electric field in the SC and DRG. Genes in the SC respond significantly to the SCS in both injured and uninjured animals, while those in the DRG significantly responded to injury, and SCS in injured animals.
Authors: James D Guest; John D Steeves; M J Mulcahey; Linda A T Jones; Frank Rockhold; Rϋediger Rupp; John L K Kramer; Steven Kirshblum; Andrew Blight; Daniel Lammertse Journal: Spinal Cord Date: 2020-09-16 Impact factor: 2.772
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Authors: Ryan D Fortune; Raymond J Grill; Christine Beeton; Mark Tanner; Redwan Huq; David S Loose Journal: J Neurotrauma Date: 2016-12-02 Impact factor: 5.269
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Authors: Michael Fishman; Harold Cordner; Rafael Justiz; David Provenzano; Christopher Merrell; Binit Shah; Julian Naranjo; Philip Kim; Aaron Calodney; Jonathan Carlson; Richard Bundschu; Mahendra Sanapati; Vipul Mangal; Ricardo Vallejo Journal: Pain Pract Date: 2021-08-27 Impact factor: 3.079