Therapeutic options in papillary thyroid carcinoma: current guidelines and future perspectives.

The treatment of papillary thyroid cancer is now based on individual patient risk and response to therapies. Molecular techniques are increasingly being used to risk stratify and to guide therapeutic decisions. There have been advances in the treatment of local disease through surgery or radioiodine. Directed techniques can target metastatic disease including bisphosphonates, radiofrequency ablation or radiotherapy. Systemic therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors show great promise although such treatment must be individualized. Future therapies will target treating radioiodine refractory disease.