Bilateral myelomatous pleural effusion: presentation of two cases.

TO THE EDITOR: We would like to report 2 cases of multiple myeloma (MM) complicated by myelomatous pleural effusions (MPE). MM is a malignant transformation and proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells, which typically infiltrates the bone marrow and produces monoclonal immunoglobulins (Ig). In the United States, the annual incidence of MM is 4-5 cases per 100,000. Myeloma accounts for 1% of all cancers and slightly over 10% of all hematologic malignancies [1]. Recent advancements in treatment have resulted in significantly improved outcomes for both newly diagnosed and relapsed cases [2]. Common complications in MM are renal insufficiency, anemia, infections, skeletal involvement leading to hypercalcemia, pathologic fractures, and neurologic involvement [3]. Pleural effusions in MM are uncommon and MPEs are very rare [4].

CASE 1

An 81-year-old woman presented to her primary care physician with fatigue and muscle soreness in her left thigh. Routine blood work revealed anemia with a hemoglobin level of 8.9 g/dL and a mean corpuscular volume of 110.7 fL. Serum folate and vitamin B12 levels were within normal ranges. Further workup revealed a total serum protein level of 9.8 g/dL and beta-2 microglobulin level of 3.5 mg/L. An abnormal protein band was found on immunofixation, which tested positive for IgAkappa.

Bone marrow biopsy examination revealed 60% cellularity, with 80% immature plasma cells. Chromosomal analysis revealed a complex karyotype with trisomy 3 and monosomy 13. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis confirmed the presence of a plasma cell clone with the above-mentioned trisomy plus FGFR3/IGH fusion, t(4;14). This patient was deemed a high-risk patient based on the cytogenetic analyses [5].

She was treated with melphalan and prednisone, but the MM progressed after 1 cycle. She was then switched to bortezomib at a dose of 1.3 mg/m2 with 40 mg of dexamethasone weekly. She received 4 cycles of the second regimen.

Five months after initial diagnosis, the patient presented to the emergency room with worsening dyspnea. On examination, she was found to be in moderate respiratory distress, with bilateral scattered rales and dullness to percussion over her left lower chest. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed large left-sided and moderate right-sided pleural effusions, left upper lobe nodular opacity, and pleural nodularity (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1

Computed tomography image showing extensive bilateral pleural nodularity. A pulmonary mass can be seen on the right anterior chest wall (yellow arrow); bilateral pleural effusions are also present (purple arrows).

The patient underwent left thoracentesis, which revealed 550 mL of straw-colored fluid. Cytologic analysis of the pleural fluid revealed numerous atypical plasmacytoid cells with multinucleated forms, nucleoli, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and mitotic figures that were consistent with myelomatous cells (Fig. 2). Her condition deteriorated and she died 1 week into her hospitalization.

Fig. 2

Pleural fluid cytology revealing numerous atypical plasmacytoid cells with multinucleated forms, nucleoli, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and mitotic figures.

CASE 2

A 63-year-old woman was admitted because of weakness she had been experiencing over the previous 2 weeks. She reported having dropped a glass twice from her hand, which prompted her to present to the emergency department. In the initial workup, the patient had a calcium level of 11.6 mg/dL, hemoglobin level of 8.0 g/dL, and creatinine level of 3.6 mg/dL. The patient had a previous diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance based on serum protein electrophoresis.

Serum free light chain analysis revealed an elevated level of lambda light chains (729 mg/L). Serum immunofixation revealed abnormal IgG and lambda light chain bands. Chromosomal analysis revealed monosomy 13, and FISH analysis revealed an FGFR3/IgH fusion, t(4;14). Both of these genetic abnormalities were also seen in Case 1. On the basis of findings in a review article by Mikhael et al. [5], this patient's cytogenetic signature placed her in the intermediate risk category with a median overall survival of 4–5 years.

The patient was subsequently started on bortezomib at a dose of 1.3 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11; lenalidomide at a dose of 25 mg once daily for 2 weeks on and 1 week off; and dexamethasone at a dose of 40 mg once weekly. She was also started on monthly infusions of pamidronate at a dose of 60 mg.

Two months later, the patient was readmitted with progressive shortness of breath and fatigue without fevers or chills. Chest plain radiography performed on admission revealed new bilateral pleural effusions, and chest CT follow-up showed an apical pleural-based mass consistent with widespread myeloma. A therapeutic and diagnostic thoracentesis was performed. Fluid cytology revealed the presence of malignant atypical plasma cells, which was consistent with the involvement of plasma cell myeloma.

The patient continued to have recurrent left pleural effusions, for which a tunneled left pleural drainage catheter was placed. She was discharged and continued on the initial treatment plan. She received 8 cycles of this chemotherapy regimen.

The patient then developed a new paraspinal plasmacytoma confirmed by biopsy examination. Because of this progression, we elected to restart the patient on lenalidomide at a dose of 25 mg daily, with dexamethasone at a dose of 40 mg weekly; in addition, she was started on carfilzomib at a dose of 20 mg/m2 on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16. To date, the patient has tolerated 2 cycles of carfilzomib without any symptomatic decline.

DISCUSSION

Pleural effusions develop in about 6% of patients with MM. In this subset of patients, less than 1% of effusions are MPEs [6]. Current literature reveals that less than 100 cases of MPE have been reported worldwide. According to these case reports [78], MPE is consistently a poor prognostic indicator, with mean survival of less than 4 months.

MPE has been reported in patients with ages ranging from 22 to 83 years, equally distributed between males and females, and in IgA, IgG, IgD, and light chain subtypes [910]. A case series published by Cho et al. in 2010 [10] conducted a statistical analysis of 19 patients. In that series, IgA myeloma was most frequently implicated with malignant pleural effusions, followed by IgD and IgG; however, these findings are likely not statistically significant because only 19 patients were analyzed.

Kim et al. [9] demonstrated in a case report that despite aggressive treatment with systemic chemotherapy, radiation, autologous stem cell transplantation, or direct chemotherapy injection in the pleural cavity, these effusions often recurred within months and ultimately led to the patient's death. One case report [11] showed resolution of MPE and MM with bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor known for its remarkable efficacy in treating extramedullary MM.

Although the pathogenesis of MPE is unknown, it is theorized that it may be a direct extension of thoracic myelomatous involvement. A review of 57 cases [9] demonstrated that half of the patients with MPE had concomitant thoracic skeletal, lung parenchymal, or chest wall plasmacytomas, which would provide a source for MPEs. Similarly, both of our patients had a pulmonary nodule, which likely represented metastatic disease.

Genetic analysis showed that the patient in our first case had a trisomy at chromosome 3 and monosomy at chromosome 13. In addition to the t(4;14) translocation, this complex karyotype is associated with unfavorable prognosis [5]. Given that the median survival time for high-risk patients without malignant pleural effusions is 3 years, it is likely that the progression of the myeloma and development of the pleural effusions contributed significantly to the eventual death of the first patient. In our second case, the patient had no trisomy, but she did have monosomy of chromosome 13 in addition to the t(4;14) translocation. This chromosome 13 abnormality was also seen in 77.8% of patients in the Cho et al. [10] case series.

Although rare, more cases of MPE are being described in the literature, with evidence indicating its poor prognosis and lack of efficacious treatment [512]. Because of the severity of MPE, we recommend that patients with pleural effusions and suspicion of myeloma undergo protein electrophoresis, flow cytometry, cytologic examination of the pleural fluid, or pleural biopsy examination to identify MPE and begin treatment promptly [1213].