Alp Üçok1, Ugur Çıkrıkçılı2, Ceylan Ergül2, Öznur Tabak2, Ada Salaj2, Sercan Karabulut2, Christoph U Correll3,4,5,6,7. 1. Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Millet Street, Capa, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey. alpucok@gmail.com. 2. Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Millet Street, Capa, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey. 3. Psychiatry Research, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA. 4. Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA. 5. Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA. 6. The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA. 7. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Earlier commencement of clozapine has been related to a better response in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES: To identify variables that predict clozapine use after a first episode of schizophrenia (FES). METHODS: Patients with FES and ≤15 days of lifetime antipsychotic treatment were followed up during naturalistic treatment, and the patients who were initiated on clozapine were compared with those receiving non-clozapine antipsychotics for ≥24 months regarding demographic and clinical baseline characteristics, adherence, and relapse patterns during follow-up. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia was defined as two or more antipsychotic trials of adequate dose for ≥6 weeks. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients who used clozapine and 77 non-clozapine antipsychotic users were included. Clozapine was initiated after a mean of 2.5 ± 1.1 adequate antipsychotic trials. Eight of the 28 clozapine-treated patients (28.6 %) began their clozapine treatment during the first 12 months of follow-up (mean 7.1 ± 3.3 months) and their premorbid childhood adjustment was significantly worse than those who started clozapine later (mean 78.5 ± 43.0 months). Compared with non-clozapine users, patients who started clozapine had significantly more relapses in the first 6 months of follow-up prior to clozapine use (35.7 vs. 11.7 %, p = 0.005), and were significantly more likely to have a first relapse despite treatment adherence (38.1 vs. 73.3 %, p = 0.01). In the multivariate analyses, antipsychotic polypharmacy and first relapse despite adherence to antipsychotic treatment independently predicted subsequent clozapine use. CONCLUSIONS: Clozapine use after a FES was predicted by a first relapse while being adherent to non-clozapine antipsychotics, especially if the first relapse occurred within the first 6 months. Developmental childhood difficulties predicted significantly earlier clozapine use.
BACKGROUND: Earlier commencement of clozapine has been related to a better response in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES: To identify variables that predict clozapine use after a first episode of schizophrenia (FES). METHODS:Patients with FES and ≤15 days of lifetime antipsychotic treatment were followed up during naturalistic treatment, and the patients who were initiated on clozapine were compared with those receiving non-clozapine antipsychotics for ≥24 months regarding demographic and clinical baseline characteristics, adherence, and relapse patterns during follow-up. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia was defined as two or more antipsychotic trials of adequate dose for ≥6 weeks. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients who used clozapine and 77 non-clozapine antipsychotic users were included. Clozapine was initiated after a mean of 2.5 ± 1.1 adequate antipsychotic trials. Eight of the 28 clozapine-treated patients (28.6 %) began their clozapine treatment during the first 12 months of follow-up (mean 7.1 ± 3.3 months) and their premorbid childhood adjustment was significantly worse than those who started clozapine later (mean 78.5 ± 43.0 months). Compared with non-clozapine users, patients who started clozapine had significantly more relapses in the first 6 months of follow-up prior to clozapine use (35.7 vs. 11.7 %, p = 0.005), and were significantly more likely to have a first relapse despite treatment adherence (38.1 vs. 73.3 %, p = 0.01). In the multivariate analyses, antipsychotic polypharmacy and first relapse despite adherence to antipsychotic treatment independently predicted subsequent clozapine use. CONCLUSIONS:Clozapine use after a FES was predicted by a first relapse while being adherent to non-clozapine antipsychotics, especially if the first relapse occurred within the first 6 months. Developmental childhood difficulties predicted significantly earlier clozapine use.
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