Literature DB >> 27339725

[Application of Postoperative Chemotherapy on Thymomas and Its Prognostic Effect].

Ke Ma1, Zhitao Gu2, Yongtao Han1, Jianhua Fu3, Yi Shen4, Yucheng Wei4, Lijie Tan5, Peng Zhang6, Chun Chen7, Renquan Zhang8, Yin Li9, Ke-Neng Chen10, Hezhong Chen11, Yongyu Liu12, Youbing Cui13, Yun Wang14, Liewen Pang15, Zhentao Yu16, Xinming Zhou17, Yangchun Liu18, Yuan Liu2, Wentao Fang2.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND: To study the role of postoperative chemotherapy and its prognostic effect in Masaoka-Koga stage III and IV thymic tumors.
METHODS: Between 1994 and 2012, 1,700 patients with thymic tumors who underwent surgery without neoajuvant therapy were enrolled for the study. Among them, 665 patients in Masaoka-Koga stage III and IV were further analyzed to evaluate the clinical value of postoperative chemotherapy. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to obtain the survival curve of the patients divided into different subgroups, and the Cox regression analysis was used to make multivariate analysis on the factors affecting prognosis. A Propensity-Matched Study was used to evaluate the clinical value of chemotherapy.
RESULTS: Two-hundred-twenty-one patients were treated with postoperative chemotherapy, while the rest 444 cases were not. The two groups showed significant differences (P<0.05) regarding the incidence of myasthenia gravis, World Health Organization (WHO) histological subtypes, pathological staging, resection status and the use of postoperative radiotherapy. WHO type C tumors, incomplete resection, and postoperative radiotherapy were significantly related to increased recurrence and worse survival (P<0.05). Five-year and 10-year disease free survivals (DFS) and recurrence rates in patients who underwent surgery followed by postoperative chemotherapy were 51% and 30%, 46% and 68%, comparing with 73% and 58%, 26% and 40% in patients who had no adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery (P=0.001, P=0.001, respectively). In propensity-matched study, 158 pairs of patients with or without postoperative chemotherapy (316 patients in total) were selected and compared accordingly. Similar 5-year survival rates were detected between the two groups (P=0.332).
CONCLUSIONS: Pathologically higher grade histology, incomplete resection, and postoperative radiotherapy were found to be associated with worse outcomes in advanced stage thymic tumors. At present, there is no evidence to show that postoperative chemotherapy may help improve prognosis in patients with Masaoka-Koga-Koga stage III and IV thymic tumors.

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Year:  2016        PMID: 27339725      PMCID: PMC6133974          DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2016.07.10

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi        ISSN: 1009-3419


胸腺恶性肿瘤临床相对少见。其多发于前上纵隔,绝大多数患者经手术切除后可获得良好的疗效[,但约1/3的胸腺肿瘤患者就诊时即为进展期,肿瘤局部侵袭明显或发生远处转移无法经手术根治性切除,Masaoka等[报道局部进展期患者5年生存率约67%,而远处转移者为50%。胸腺肿瘤化疗仍有争议。化疗的目的一方面是降低肿瘤负荷为后续手术或放疗创造机会,另一方面则是延长疾病的控制时间。化疗可用于治疗的不同阶段,常采用的治疗模式包括术前化疗+手术、手术+术后化疗或放化疗。同时,对于发生远处转移的胸腺肿瘤患者,姑息性化疗常常是治疗的基本手段。目前胸腺肿瘤化疗没有标准治疗方案,有限的数据也多来源于不同单位采用各自的治疗模式和化疗方案的回顾性报道,因此结论千差万别。为此中国胸腺肿瘤协作组,收集国内18家医疗中心胸腺肿瘤数据,对近年来治疗胸腺肿瘤患者临床资(Chinese Alliance of Research for Thymomas, ChART)数据库中Masaoka Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期[胸腺肿瘤术后化疗病例的临床资料,初步探讨术后化疗在胸腺肿瘤治疗中的价值。

资料与方法

临床资料

1994年3月至2012年12月间ChART数据库共纳入2, 306例胸腺肿瘤病例, 删除分期不明确患者(224例)、WHO分型不明确患者(121例)、非手术患者(97例)、接受诱导放化疗患者(68例)、放疗有否不明确患者(96例), 共1, 700例患者纳入本研究。其中未行术后化疗1, 406例(82.7%), 术后化疗294例(17.3%)。取其中Masaoka Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期的病例, 以研究术后化疗对患者预后的影响。由于本研究中所有数据已去除个人信息, 伦理委员会放弃知情同意审查。

统计学方法

临床病例及随访资料由合作医疗中心录入数据库。采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析, 率的比较采用χ2检验。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线, Log-rank检验或者Breslow检验进行生存分析, Cox回归进行多因素分析影响预后的因素, 取95%可信区间。为减少本回顾性研究中不均衡因素的影响, 采用1:1卡钳法进行倾向值匹配研究, 比较术后化疗组和术后未化疗组间的生存率。P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

结果

术后化疗总体发生率

716例Ⅰ期患者中术后化疗39例(5.4%), 319例Ⅱ期患者中术后化疗34例(10.7%), 515例Ⅲ期患者中术后化疗137例(26.6%), 150例Ⅳ期患者中术后化疗84例(56%)(表 1)。本组资料中, 随着Masaoka分期的增加, 术后化疗患者的比例也随之增高, 有明显统计学差异(P<0.001), Ⅰ期/Ⅱ期患者总体化疗率10%左右(图 1、图 2)。
1

不同分期术后化疗比例

Percentages of postoperative chemotherapy in different tumor stages Masaoka-Koga stage (n) Non-Chemo group (%) Chemo group (%) P value

Masaoka-Koga stage (n)Non-Chemo group (%)Chemo group (%)P value
注:本表得到版权所有者©2011-2016 Journal of Thoracic Disease复制许可。
Ⅰ(716)677(94.6)39(5.4)<0.001
Ⅱ(319)285(89.3)34(10.7)
Ⅲ(515)378(73.4)137(26.6)
Ⅳ(150)66(44.0)84(56.0)
1

不同分期术后化疗比例

Percentage of postoperative chemotherapy in patients with different stage tumors

2

术后化疗组与未化疗组的总生存比较(P<0.001)

Five-and ten-year disease free survivals (Non-Chemo group vs Chemo group, P<0.001)

不同分期术后化疗比例 Percentages of postoperative chemotherapy in different tumor stages Masaoka-Koga stage (n) Non-Chemo group (%) Chemo group (%) P value 不同分期术后化疗比例 Percentage of postoperative chemotherapy in patients with different stage tumors 术后化疗组与未化疗组的总生存比较(P<0.001) Five-and ten-year disease free survivals (Non-Chemo group vs Chemo group, P<0.001)

Masaoka Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期患者的术后化疗

1, 700例中删除Ⅰ期(716例)和Ⅱ期(319例)患者, 对665例Masaoka Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期患者进行进一步分析, 其中未术后化疗组444例, 术后化疗组221例。

一般资料的临床分析

患者临床特点及肌无力

结果显示: 未术后化疗组和术后化疗组在性别和年龄方面无明显差别, 但是术后未化疗组中肌无力患者明显较多(P<0.001)(表 2)。
2

两组患者临床特点及肌无力分布情况Tab

Clinical features and the distribution of myasthenia in the two groups.

CharacteristicsNon-Chemo group, n=444 (%)Chemo group, n=221 (%)P value
注:本表得到版权所有者©2011-2016 Journal of Thoracic Disease复制许可。
Sex0.493
  Male265 (65.8)138 (34.2)
  Female179 (68.3)83 (31.7)
Age, years51.1550.530.524
With or without myasthenia<0.001
  Yes121 (87.7)17 (12.3)
  No323 (61.3)204 (38.7)
WHO types<0.001
  A14 (87.5)2 (12.5)
  AB42 (87.5)6 (12.5)
  B137 (86.0)6 (14.0)
  B280 (87.0)12 (13.0)
  B3136 (71.6)54 (28.4)
  C123 (48.8)129 (51.2)
  NETT12 (50.0)12 (50.0)
WHO type (three classification)<0.001
  A+AB56 (87.5)8 (12.5)
  B1+B2+B3253 (77.8)72 (22.2)
Tumor size (cm)7.467.830.218
Pathological staging<0.001
  Ⅲ378 (73.4)137 (26.6)
  Ⅳ66 (44.0)84 (56.0)
Resection status<0.001
  R0326 (73.1)120 (26.9)
  R147 (69.1)21 (30.9)
  R271 (47.0)80 (53.0)
Other adjuvant therapies<0.001
  No191 (43.0)30 (13.9)
  Yes253 (57.0)186 (86.1)
两组患者临床特点及肌无力分布情况Tab Clinical features and the distribution of myasthenia in the two groups.

肿瘤类型

在不同WHO胸腺瘤病理分型亚组中采用术后化疗的比例有明显差异(P<0.001)。进一步分析显示C+NETT (neuroendocrine tumor)组术后化疗(51.1%)明显较B1+B2+B3组和A+AB组高(分别为22.2%和12.5%), 差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)(表 2)。

肿瘤大小、病理分期、手术根治性之间的比较

肿瘤大小在术后化疗组和未化疗组无明显差异(P=0.218)。Ⅳ期患者术后化疗多于Ⅲ期患者(P<0.001)。本组资料总体手术根治性切除率为73.1%, 其中未化疗组明显高于化疗组, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)(表 2)。

辅助治疗模式

本组数据中, 5例患者的放疗信息缺失, 对660例患者进行分析。191例患者单纯手术治疗(191/660, 28.9%), 其余患者接受术后辅助治疗(71.1%), 其中30例患者行术后单纯化疗(30/660, 4.5%), 253例行术后单纯放疗(253/660, 38.3%), 186例患者行术后放化疗(186/660, 28.2%)。未术后化疗组辅助放疗多于术后化疗组, 具有统计学差异(P<0.001)(表 2)。

Masaoka Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期患者生存相关因素分析

多因素分析显示:病理类型、手术根治性和术后辅助放疗是影响Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期胸腺肿瘤患者生存率的重要因素。C型胸腺瘤、不完全切除和联合术后放疗的患者生存预后更差(P=0.011, P=0.004, P=0.018)。未术后化疗组5年和10年无病生存率分别为73%、58%, 术后化疗组分别为生存率51%、30%, 两组结果有统计学差异(P<0.001)(表 3, 图 3)。
3

生存相关因素的多因素分析

Multivariate analysis of survival-related risk factors

Risk factorsP valueOR(95%CI)
HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; WHO: World Health Organization.注:本表得到版权所有者©2011-2016 Journal of Thoracic Disease复制许可。
Myasthenia gravis(No vs Yes)0.2760.502(0.145-1.736)
Age(<50 yr vs ≥50 yr)0.1791.485(0.835-2.641)
Gender(Male vs Female)0.7370.902(0.495-1.645)
WHO histology type(A, AB/B1, B2 or B3/C)0.011
  B1+B2+B3 vs A0.5771.541(0.337-7.041)
  C vs A0.0673.952(0.908-17.195)
Masaoka-Koga stage(Ⅲ vs Ⅳ)0.5541.227(0.623-2.420)
Adjuvant chemotherapy(No vs Yes)0.5021.250(0.652-2.399)
Tumor size(≤5 cm vs > 5 cm)0.8761.056(0.531-2.100)
Complete resection(R0 vs R1+R2)0.0040.414(0.226-0.760)
Extent of thymectomy(Partial vs Total)0.5991.184(0.630-2.225)
Postoperative radiotherapy(No vs Yes)0.0180.451(0.233-0.873)
3

单纯手术、单纯化疗、术后放疗、术后放化疗亚组生存曲线

Survival curves for subgroups of patients with surgery alone, postoperative chemotherapy alone, postoperative radiotherapy alone, and postoperative chemoradiotherapy

生存相关因素的多因素分析 Multivariate analysis of survival-related risk factors 单纯手术、单纯化疗、术后放疗、术后放化疗亚组生存曲线 Survival curves for subgroups of patients with surgery alone, postoperative chemotherapy alone, postoperative radiotherapy alone, and postoperative chemoradiotherapy 进一步分层分析显示:Masaoka Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期胸腺肿瘤患者术后单纯化疗组生存率均明显差于单纯手术组、术后单纯放疗组合术后放化疗组(P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.003)(表 4, 图 4)。
4

各亚组生存率的比较

Comparison of survival rates among the different adjuvant therapy subgroups

Log-rankSurgery alonePostoperative chemotherapy alonePostoperative radiotherapy alonePostoperative chemoradiotherapy
Chi-squareSig.Chi-squareSig.Chi-squareSig.Chi-squareSig.
注:本表得到版权所有者©2011-2016 Journal of Thoracic Disease复制许可。
Surgery alone13.544<0.0010.0030.9551.8050.179
Postoperative chemotherapy alone13.544<0.00119.483<0.0018.6040.003
Postoperative radiotherapy alone0.0030.95519.483<0.0013.5080.061
Postoperative hemoradiotherapy1.8050.1798.6040.0033.5080.061
4

术后化疗组与未术后化疗组复发率的比较(P<0.001), 5年复查率分别为46%、26%, 10年复发率分别为68%、40%。

Five-and ten-year recurrence rates (Chemo group vs Non-Chemo group, P<0.001)

各亚组生存率的比较 Comparison of survival rates among the different adjuvant therapy subgroups 术后化疗组与未术后化疗组复发率的比较(P<0.001), 5年复查率分别为46%、26%, 10年复发率分别为68%、40%。 Five-and ten-year recurrence rates (Chemo group vs Non-Chemo group, P<0.001)

Masaoka Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期患者复发相关多因素分析

多因素分析显示:病理类型、手术根治性和术后放疗是影响Masaoka Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期胸腺肿瘤患者术后复发的重要因素, 其中C型胸腺瘤、不完全切除和联合术后放疗患者更容易出现复发(P=0.024, P=0.021, P=0.014)。未术后化疗组5年和10年复发率分别为26%、40%, 术后化疗组则分别46%、68%, 两组结果有统计学差异(P<0.001)(表 5, 图 5)。
5

MasaokaⅢ/Ⅳ患者复发相关多因素分析

Multivariate analysis of factors relating to recurrence in Masaoka-Koga stage Ⅲ AND Ⅳ patients

FactorP valueOR
注:本表得到版权所有者©2011-2016 Journal of Thoracic Disease复制许可。
Myasthenia complication (No vs Yes)0.0900.466(0.193-1.127)
Age(<50 yr vs ≥50 yr)0.3441.218(0.809-1.833)
Sex(Male vs Female)0.2200.763(0.496-1.175)
WHO pathological type(A, AB/B1, B2 or B3/C)0.024
  B1+B2+B3 vs A0.2771.809(0.621-5.268)
  C vs A0.0373.083(1.069-8.887)
Masaoka-Koga stage(Ⅲ vs Ⅳ)0.0621.560(0.978-2.489)
Adjuvant chemotherapy(No vs Yes)0.0541.623(0.992-2.656)
Surgical approach(Thoracoscope vs Open)0.6411.411(0.332-5.993)
Tumor size(≤5 cm vs > 5 cm)0.5020.843(0.511-1.389)
Complete resection(R0 vs R1+R2)0.0210.617(0.410-0.929)
Postoperative radiotherapy(No vs Yes)0.0140.537(0.326-0.884)
5

单纯手术、单纯化疗、术后放疗、术后放化疗亚组无疾病复发时间曲线

Cumulative incidence of recurrence for subgroups of patients with surgery alone, chemotherapy alone, radiotherapy alone, and chemoradiotherapy

MasaokaⅢ/Ⅳ患者复发相关多因素分析 Multivariate analysis of factors relating to recurrence in Masaoka-Koga stage Ⅲ AND Ⅳ patients 单纯手术、单纯化疗、术后放疗、术后放化疗亚组无疾病复发时间曲线 Cumulative incidence of recurrence for subgroups of patients with surgery alone, chemotherapy alone, radiotherapy alone, and chemoradiotherapy 进一步分层分析显示:Masaoka Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期胸腺肿瘤患者术后单纯化疗组复发率均明显高于单纯手术组、术后单纯放疗组合术后放化疗组(P=0.002, P<0.001, P=0.024)(表 6, 图 6)。
6

各亚组复发率比较

Comparison of recurrence rates among different adjuvant therapy subgroups

Log-rankSurgery alonePostoperative chemotherapy alonePostoperative radiotherapy alonePostoperative chemoradiotherapy
Chi-squareSig.Chi-squareSig.Chi-squareSig.Chi-squareSig.
注:本表得到版权所有者©2011-2016 Journal of Thoracic Disease复制许可。
Surgery alone9.8750.0020.1150.7355.1450.023
Postoperative chemotherapy alone9.8750.00223.8450.0005.0620.024
Postoperative radiotherapy alone0.1150.73523.8450.00010.4770.001
Postoperative chemoradiotherapy5.1450.0235.0620.02410.4770.001
6

倾向性评分后两组的生存曲线

Survival curves of the two groups in the Propensity-Matched Study

各亚组复发率比较 Comparison of recurrence rates among different adjuvant therapy subgroups 倾向性评分后两组的生存曲线 Survival curves of the two groups in the Propensity-Matched Study

术后化疗组和未化疗组之间的倾向值匹配研究

为减少未术后化疗组和术后化疗组之间不均衡因素对研究结果的影响。我们进一步采用1:1卡钳法倾向值匹配研究(Propensity-Matched Study, PSM),并行生存分析,匹配因素包括:有无重症肌无力,肿瘤分型,肿瘤病理分期,手术根治性状态,术后辅助放疗。获得158例未术后化疗和158例术后化疗共316例患者数据。其基本信息和生存曲线图如下(表 7)。
7

1:1卡钳法倾向值匹配研究(Propensity-Matched Study, PSM)

1:1 Caliper Propensity-Matched Study results

FactorNon-Chemo group (n =158)Chemo group (n =158)P value
注:本表得到版权所有者©2011-2016 Journal of Thoracic Disease复制许可。
Gender0.816
  Male10098
  Female5860
Myasthenia gravis0.489
  Yes2117
  No137141
WHO type three classifications0.709
  A+AB88
  B1+B2+B36255
  C+NETT8895
Pathological staging0.496
  Ⅲ121126
  Ⅳ3732
Resection status0.224
  R09182
  R12217
  R24559
Adjuvant radiotherapy0.458
  No2530
  Yes133128
1:1卡钳法倾向值匹配研究(Propensity-Matched Study, PSM 1:1 Caliper Propensity-Matched Study results 结果显示: 经过倾向值匹配后, 未术后化疗组和术后化疗组总生存无统计学差异(P=0.332, 图 6)。因此, 术后化疗并未给Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期胸腺瘤患者带来生存获益。

讨论

胸腺肿瘤是少见的上皮源性肿瘤。其多发于前上纵隔,绝大多数患者经手术切除后可获得良好的疗效,但约1/3的胸腺肿瘤患者就诊时即为进展期,肿瘤局部侵袭明显或发生远处转移无法经手术根治性切除。 胸腺肿瘤患者的长期生存期差异很大。肿瘤病理分型、病理分期和手术的根治性是决定肿瘤患者生存的重要的因素。Kondo等[报道Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期胸腺患者术后不需要行辅助治疗[。而Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期由于肿瘤局部侵袭或者肿瘤播散根治性切除率明显降低,常采用包括化疗在内的术后辅助治疗。本研究中显示:C型胸腺瘤、不完全切除和术后放疗是影响Masaoka Ⅲ/Ⅳ期患者生存和复发的重要因素。术后放疗患者中显示出更差的结果可能是由于该类患者中更多的是病理学侵袭性明瘤患者5年生存率分别为100%、98%、89%、71%。多数显,分期较晚的患者。不幸的是,在我们的试验中并未的研究结果也表明,对于完整切除的Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期胸腺肿瘤发现术后化疗给患者带来生存获益。 胸腺肿瘤术后化疗仍有争议。目前术后化疗更多是针对侵袭性胸腺肿瘤根治性术后预防性治疗, 或者非根治性手术后的辅助治疗, 多与放疗联合, 其目的一是降低肿瘤负荷, 增强疾病局部控制; 其二是延长复发和生存时间。目前胸腺肿瘤化疗没有标准治疗方案, 有限的数据也多来源于不同中心采用各自治疗方案的回顾性报道或小样本研究[。Ströbel等[回顾性分析228例胸腺瘤和胸腺鳞癌的治疗经验, 结果显示:术后化疗并不能改善A、AB、B1型胸腺瘤和Ⅱ期B2、B3型胸腺瘤的远期生存, 术后放疗可延长Ⅲ期胸腺瘤患者的生存时间。Kim等[对100例胸腺瘤临床资料分析发现术后放化疗与术后单独放疗相比, Ⅱ期和Ⅳ期胸腺瘤患者的5年生存率并无明显差异。Kondo等[对115个医疗中心治疗的1, 320例胸腺瘤分析后发现:术后放疗或术后化疗不能改善Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期根治性切除的胸腺瘤患者预后。同样, Attaran等[认为:尽管初始化疗和姑息化疗对某些患者显示出较好的治疗反应, 但目前仍并没有证据表明术后化疗能改善胸腺肿瘤患者的生存。我们使用ChART数据库进行回顾性分析后的结果与以往文献报道结果一致。本组资料也表明:对于所有Masaoka Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期的胸腺瘤及胸腺癌患者, 术后化疗并未在疾病复发和生存时间显示出优势。 由于本研究是采用回顾性数据, 各中心数据统计来源缺乏一致性。术后化疗组生存和复发相对更差的原因可能是由于该组患者中有较多高侵袭性病理学类型、Ⅳ期患者而导致不完全切除率增高。而上述因素均是导致胸腺肿瘤患者预后更差的原因。日本的一项来自115个分中心共186例患者的研究结果显示[:在完整切除的Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期胸腺瘤患者中术后化疗组、术后放化疗组、术后放疗组和单纯手术组的5年生存率分别为94.7%、80.9%、93.4%和100%。10年生存率分别为70.9%、70.4%、77.9%和95%, 单纯手术组与术后放化疗组5年生存率有明显差异(P=0.035, 3)。完整切除的Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期胸腺癌患者中单纯术后化疗组、术后放化疗组、术后放疗组和单纯手术组5年生存率分别为81.5%、46.6%、73.6%和72.2%, 术后放化疗组与术后放疗组、单纯手术组相比生存率均有明显差异(P=0.021, 3, P=0.039, 7)。在本组资料显示出:与单纯手术组和手术+放疗组相比, 术后放化疗组和术后化疗组, 生存更差。考虑到多中心回顾性研究数据的不均衡性, 我们尚不能得出化疗有害的结论, 但无论如何, 术后化疗并未给Masaoka Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期胸腺肿瘤患者带来任何生存益处。 为减少未术后化疗组和术后化疗组之间不均衡因素对研究结果的影响。我们进一步采用倾向值匹配研究, 并行生存分析, 匹配因素包括:有无重症肌无力, 肿瘤分型, 肿瘤病理分期, 手术根治性状态, 术后辅助放疗。同样的, 未术后化疗组和术后化疗组两组5年生存率并无明显统计学差异(P=0.332)。因此, 术后化疗并未给Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期胸腺瘤患者带来生存获益。 由于本研究是多中心参与, 时间跨度大, 所采用的化疗方案、化疗周期数、药物剂量各有不同, 因此无法评价各具体化疗方案的疗效, 只有前瞻性实验设计才能回答上述问题。我们的研究再次表明:肿瘤病理类型和手术根治性仍然是对包括进展期在内胸腺肿瘤患者预后起决定作用的因素。常规方案的术后化疗并未给局部晚期胸腺肿瘤患者带来生存获益。为改善患者预后, 更多的希望可能在于新辅助治疗和新药的研发方面。
  14 in total

1.  Combined etoposide, ifosfamide, and cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced thymoma and thymic carcinoma: an intergroup trial.

Authors:  P J Loehrer; M Jiroutek; S Aisner; J Aisner; M Green; C R Thomas; R Livingston; D H Johnson
Journal:  Cancer       Date:  2001-06-01       Impact factor: 6.860

2.  Chemotherapy of invasive thymoma.

Authors:  A Fornasiero; O Daniele; C Ghiotto; F Sartori; F Rea; M Piazza; L Fiore-Donati; P Morandi; S M Aversa; A Paccagnella
Journal:  J Clin Oncol       Date:  1990-08       Impact factor: 44.544

Review 3.  Which stages of thymoma benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy post-thymectomy?

Authors:  Saina Attaran; David McCormack; John Pilling; Karen Harrison-Phipps
Journal:  Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg       Date:  2012-05-02

4.  Tumor recurrence and survival in patients treated for thymomas and thymic squamous cell carcinomas: a retrospective analysis.

Authors:  Philipp Ströbel; Andrea Bauer; Bernhard Puppe; Til Kraushaar; Axel Krein; Klaus Toyka; Ralf Gold; Michael Semik; Reinhard Kiefer; Wilfred Nix; Berthold Schalke; Hans Konrad Müller-Hermelink; Alexander Marx
Journal:  J Clin Oncol       Date:  2004-04-15       Impact factor: 44.544

Review 5.  Thymoma: a focus on current therapeutic management.

Authors:  Nicolas Girard; Françoise Mornex; Paul Van Houtte; Jean-François Cordier; Paul van Schil
Journal:  J Thorac Oncol       Date:  2009-01       Impact factor: 15.609

6.  Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with adriamycin, cisplatin, vincristine and cyclophosphamide (ADOC) in invasive thymomas: results in six patients.

Authors:  A Berruti; P Borasio; A Roncari; G Gorzegno; C Mossetti; L Dogliotti
Journal:  Ann Oncol       Date:  1993-05       Impact factor: 32.976

7.  Therapy for thymic epithelial tumors: a clinical study of 1,320 patients from Japan.

Authors:  Kazuya Kondo; Yasumasa Monden
Journal:  Ann Thorac Surg       Date:  2003-09       Impact factor: 4.330

8.  A single institutional experience of surgically resected thymic epithelial tumors over 10 years: clinical outcomes and clinicopathologic features.

Authors:  Beom Kyung Kim; Byoung Chul Cho; Hye Jin Choi; Joo Hyuk Sohn; Moo Suk Park; Joon Chang; Se Kyu Kim; Dae Joon Kim; Kyung Young Chung; Chang Geol Lee; Joo Hang Kim; Nae Choon Yoo
Journal:  Oncol Rep       Date:  2008-06       Impact factor: 3.906

9.  Comparison of stages I-II thymoma treated by complete resection with or without adjuvant radiation.

Authors:  Sunil Singhal; Joseph B Shrager; David I Rosenthal; Virginia A LiVolsi; Larry R Kaiser
Journal:  Ann Thorac Surg       Date:  2003-11       Impact factor: 4.330

10.  Multimodal management of stages III-IVa malignant thymoma.

Authors:  S Bretti; A Berruti; C Loddo; P Sperone; C Casadio; M Tessa; F Ardissone; G Gorzegno; M Sacco; E Manzin; P Borasio; G L Sannazzari; G Maggi; L Dogliotti
Journal:  Lung Cancer       Date:  2004-04       Impact factor: 5.705

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