The frequency of SLCO1B1*5 polymorphism genotypes among Russian and Sakha (Yakutia) patients with hypercholesterolemia.

INTRODUCTION: Statins are the most commonly prescribed medicines for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. At the same time, up to 25% of patients cannot tolerate or have to discontinue the statin therapy due to statin-induced myopathy. In a majority of cases, statin-induced myopathy is attributed to SLCO1B1 gene polymorphism. The strongest association between statin-induced myopathy and SLCO1B1 gene polymorphism was described for simvastatin. Our research was focused on the frequency of SLCO1B1*5 genetic variant in the Russian population and in the native population of Sakha (Yakutia).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1,071 hyperlipidemic Russian and 76 hyperlipidemic Sakha (Yakutian) patients were included in the study. Genotypes of SLCO1B1*5 (c.521T>C, rs4149056) were determined with polymerase chain reaction amplification. The results of our study were compared with data about hyperlipidemic patients in available publications.
RESULTS: In the Russian population 665 (62%) patients had TT genotype of SLCO1B1*5, 346 (32%) patients had TC genotype, and in 60 patients (6%) CC variant was found (Hardy-Weinberg's chi-square test was 3.1 P=0.21). In comparison with Brazil, France, the People's Republic of China, Japan, and the native population of Sakha (Yakutia), C-allele, which causes an increased risk of statin-induced myopathy, was found significantly more often in the Russian population. In the native population of Sakha (Yakutia) SLCO1B1 polymorphism was TT - 62 (82%), TC - 11 (14%), CC - 3 (4%) (Hardy-Weinberg's chi-square test was 5.13 P=0.077). In comparison with data from Brazil, France, the People's Republic of China, and Japan, C-allele frequency in the Sakha (Yakutian) population was not significantly different.
CONCLUSION: Thus, we have studied the incidence of pathologic SLCO1B1 c.521C-allele in Russian and Sakha hyperlipidemic patients. The presence of SLCO1B1 C-allele in patients with hyperlipidemia forces us to be more careful in hypolipidemic drug prescription, especially statins, according to a higher risk of statin-induced myopathy development. The fact that SLCO1B1 C-allele is rarer among Sakha patients, could be interesting from the point of studying adverse drug effects frequency and statins' effectiveness.

Introduction

Statins are the most prescribed class of hypolipidemic drugs, which have shown high effectiveness for more than 20 years by reducing the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and other cardiovascular events.1 According to these circumstances, the safeness of statins usage is an important point of scientific research. The frequency of adverse drug effects, particularly statin-induced myopathy, reaches 5%–10% per year.2 Statin-induced myopathy can manifest as myositis and elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level with possible development of dangerous complications like rhabdomyolysis, but the most common form is myalgia without CPK-elevation.3 At the present time, the development of statin-induced adverse reactions is usually connected with the action of hepatic organic anion-transporting polypeptide, determined by SLCO1B1. The review of the University of Washington, Seattle, showed that among genetic factors, statin-induced myopathy appears to be most strongly associated with variants of SLCO1B1.4 It is known that the carriage of at least one C-allele in SLCO1B1*5 (T521C) is associated with an increased risk of myopathy during treatment with statins.5,6 The research of high statin doses in combination with simvastatin revealed a significant increase of the risk of myopathy in 521C carriers. This risk was particularly high in CC genotype carriers, reaching 60%.7 Some authors mention the development of statin-induced side effects with other medications, such as atorvastatin in doses 20 mg and higher.8 According to possible ethnic differences in genotype abundance, the study of SLCO1B1 variants frequency in different ethnic groups of Russian patients with hyperlipidemia is very important for genetic-caused adverse drug reactions forecasting.

Materials and methods

We used the data of pharmacogenetic tests, conducted in SM Clinic, Moscow, Russia. The first group included 1,071 ethnic Russians (448 men [42%] and 623 women [58%]), aged 57±11, with IIa and IIb hyperlipidemia types.9 All patients were treated with statins. The second group consisted of 76 ethnic Sakha statin-users, including 39 men (51%) and 37 women (49%). All of them underwent pharmacogenetic tests in the center of personalized medicine in Republic hospital No3, Yakutsk, Russian Federation. The ethnicity was distinguished by patient’s and his/her parent’s self-identification. All patients were genotyped for the allelic variant of SLCO1B1*5 (c.521T>C, rs4149056). Isolated DNA was extracted from blood leukocytes, using kits of Research and Production Association Lytech (Moscow, Russian Federation). Genotyping was performed by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction equipment of the same manufacturer. The prevalence of allelic variants of the SLCO1B1*5 (c.521C>C, rs4149056) was compared with several similar works of other authors, conducted during last 10 years. We used the data of full-text articles, which were found using PubMed search filters in MEDLINE. We have analysed articles on SLCO1B1 polymorphisms in hyperlipidemic patients. Statistical data was processed, using the chi-square value test for Hardy–Weinberg proportions with the INSTAT program.

Results

Among 1,071 patients genotyped for SLCO1B1*5 allelic variant, 665 (62%) had TT-variant, 346 (32%) had TC-variant, and 60 (6%) had CC. 521T-allele occurrence was 0.78 and incidence of 521C allele was 0.22. Genotype frequencies did not deviate significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (chi-square =3.1; P=0.21). During genotyping of the second group, it was distinguished that 62 (82%) patients have TT-allele, 11 (14%) patients have TC-allele, and 3 (4%) patients CC-allele. The frequency of 521T-allele was 0.89 and 521C-allele frequency was 0.11. The statistically important deviations of genotype distribution from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were not observed (X2=5.13; P=0.077). Genotype TT was regarded as low myopathy risk, TC genotype as moderate risk, and CC as high risk.10 During comparison of T- and C-allele abundance in research groups, it was distinguished that C-allele is significantly more frequent in Russian population (0.22 vs 0.11). We have found seven research articles that fitted our design. There was one article written by Brazilian researchers, four articles written in the People’s Republic of China, and one paper each from research conducted in France and Japan.11–17 We compared SLCO1B1*5 polymorphism incidence in the Russian population with data of seven other research groups11–17 and found that C-allele is more frequent in Russian population. Though, there was no significant difference between frequencies of SLCO1B1*5 polymorphisms in the first group and Japanese data. There were no significant differences in SLCO1B1 C-allele abundance after comparison of the second group (Sakha patients) in our research and the data of Japanese, French, Brazilian, and Chinese studies.11–17 The results of SLCO1B1*5 polymorphisms comparison are presented in Table 1. The study has been approved by the Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education (record no.17). Written consent was obtained from all study participants.

Table 1

Results of comparison of frequency of C-allele of SLCO1B1, Russian and Sakha (Yakutia) versus published data

Population	n	TT genotype	TC genotype	CC genotype	T allelea	C allelea	Comparison with Russian			Comparison with Sakha (Yakutia)
							Chi-squared	P	OR (95% CI)	Chi-squared	P	OR (95% CI)
Russian Federation, Russians	1,071	665 (62%)	346 (32%)	60 (6%)	1,676 (78%)	466 (22%)	–	–	–	8.9	0.0028	2.2 (1.32–3.70)
Russian Federation, Sakha (Yakutia)	76	62 (82%)	11 (14%)	3 (4%)	135 (89%)	17 (11%)	8.9	0.0028	0.45 (0.27–0.76)	–	–	–
Brazil11	216	152 (71%)	59 (27%)	5 (2%)	363 (84%)	69 (16%)	7.1	0.0078	0.68 (0.52–0.90)	1.69	0.19	1.5 (0.86–2.66)
China12	272	205 (75%)	62 (23%)	5 (2%)	472 (87%)	72 (13%)	19.3	<0.0001	0.55 (0.42–0.72)	0.28	0.59	1.2 (0.69–2.13)
China13	363	256 (71%)	95 (26%)	12 (3%)	607 (83%)	119 (17%)	9.4	0.002	0.70 (0.56–0.88)	2.2	0.136	1.56 (0.91–2.68)
China14	140	111 (79%)	27 (19%)	2 (2%)	249 (89%)	31 (11%)	16.8	<0.0001	0.45 (0.30–0.66)	0.0013	0.97	0.99 (0.53–1.85)
China15	373	281 (75%)	82 (22%)	10 (3%)	644 (86%)	102 (14%)	22.6	<0.0001	(0.45–0.72)	0.48	0.49	1.26 (0.73–2.17)
France16	724	519 (72%)	193 (26.5%)	12 (1.5%)	1,231 (85%)	217 (15%)	25.6	<0.0001	0.63 (0.53–0.75)	1.3	0.25	1.4 (0.83–2.37)
Japan17	64	44 (73%)	20 (27%)	0 (0%)	108 (84%)	20 (16%)	2.4	0.12	0.66 (0.41–1.08)	0.83	0.36	1.47 (0.73–2.95)

Note:

Number (allele frequency).

Discussion

The results of genotyping in the Russian population (n=1,071; genotype TT in 62%, genotype TC in 32%, and CC genotype in 6% of participants, [occurence, T-allele 0.78, C-allele 0.22]) demonstrate the high C-allele incidence of SLCO1B, which determine a higher risk of statin-induced myopathy. It was revealed that SLCO1B1 C-allele is more common in the Russian population, than in Chinese and Brazilian ones. That matches to data about different frequency of this allele according to geographic latitude. It is known that incidence of c521 T>C varies in individuals of different ethnicities. Moreover, the c.521C incidence decreases from Europe (14%–23%) to Africa and Asia (<10%).18 The absence of differences in C-allele occurrence in Russian and Japanese populations could be caused by a small number of participants in the Japanese study (n=64). It seems that the prevalence of C-allele in the Russian population is equal to or higher than that found in the European population. That was confirmed by comparison with the French research. However, the revealed differences could be connected with polyethnicity of participants in this study. After collation of Sakha and Russian populations, statistically significant differences in C-allele abundance were found with higher incidence of this allele among Russians. No statistically significant differences were seen in C-allele appearance in the Sakha population and populations in Chinese, Brazilian, Japanese, and French studies. The absence of frequency differences of c521C-allele between Sakha patients and ethnic groups in Chinese, Japanese, and Brazilian studies, probably, could be described by the common origin of these populations.19,20 The lack of differences between Sakha and French populations is probably connected with ethnic heterogeneity of groups in the French study or with inadequate sample size. In spite of known ethnic differences in c521T- and C-allele distribution with prevalence of T-allele, C-allele is responsible for statin-induced myopathy, which can reduce a patient’s compliance with possible discontinuation of therapy.2 In this view, the experience of personalized statin usage, based on SLCO1B1*5 (c.521T>C, rs4149056) pharmacogenetic tests, is important. In 2011 (updated in 2013) the US Food and Drug Administration has added the warning about the danger of simvastatin admission in 80 mg daily dose as a start therapy.21 In 2014, the clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium (CPIC) has updated the guideline for SLCO1B1 and simvastatin-induced myopathy. In the new guideline, it has highlighted the correlation between C-allele of SLCO1B1*5 (c.521T>C, rs4149056), especially in homozygotes, and appearance of statin-induced myopathy is the most prominent for simvastatin, but is not so important for other statins. Authors offer to personalize the statin therapy in case of SLCO1B1*5 (c.521T>C, rs4149056) C-allele detection by administration of simvastatin 20 mg daily; if the effect of such treatment is insufficient or there are some adverse effects, it is necessary to change the statin. In addition, it can be possible to combine statins with drugs, which interrupt in the gastrointestinal absorption of cholesterol, for example, ezetemib or fibrates.22 Such approach to the personalization of statin usage, according to SLCO1B1 pharmacogenetic test, is an object of current interest, especially in view of the recent meta-analysis, which included nine studies. Cases of statin-related myopathy were found to be strongly associated with the variant of C-allele, especially receiving simvastatin, but not in those receiving atorvastatin.23

Conclusion

Thus, we have studied the incidence of SLCO1B1 c.521C-allele, associated with the risk of statin-induced myopathy, in Russian and Sakha hyperlipidemic patients (C-allele frequency 0.22 and 0.11). It was shown that abundance of SLCO1B1 C-allele is significantly lower among Sakha patients than in Russian patients, and it is similar to the C-allele incidence in Japanese, Chinese, Brazilian, and French studies. Opposite, the C-allele incidence in Russians is significantly higher, than in available publications, except of Japanese research. The presence of SLCO1B1 C-allele in patients with hyperlipidemia forces us to be more careful in hypolipidemic drug prescription, especially statins, according to a higher risk of statin-induced myopathy development. The fact that SLCO1B1 C-allele is rarer among Sakha patients could be interesting from the point of studying of adverse drug effects frequency and statins’ effectiveness. The evaluation of the role of other genetic factors (c.388A>G, c.463C>A) in statins’ adverse effects development in these groups of hyperlipidemic patients is an object for further studies.