Inoculant of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Rhizophagus clarus) Increase Yield of Soybean and Cotton under Field Conditions.

Nutrient availability is an important factor in crop production, and regular addition of chemical fertilizers is the most common practice to improve yield in agrosystems for intensive crop production. The use of some groups of microorganisms that have specific activity providing nutrients to plants is a good alternative, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant nutrition by providing especially phosphorus, improving plant growth and increasing crop production. Unfortunately, the use of AMF as an inoculant on a large scale is not yet widely used, because of several limitations in obtaining a large amount of inoculum due to several factors, such as low growth, the few species of AMF domesticated under in vitro conditions, and high competition with native AMF. The objective of this work was to test the infectivity of a Rhizophagus clarus inoculum and its effectiveness as an alternative for nutrient supply in soybean (Glycine max L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) when compared with conventional chemical fertilization under field conditions. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized block design with five treatments: Fertilizer, AMF, AMF with Fertilizer, AMF with 1/2 Fertilizer, and the Control with non-inoculated and non-fertilized plants. The parameters evaluated were AMF root colonization and effect of inoculation on plant growth, nutrient absorption and yield. The results showed that AMF inoculation increased around 20 % of root colonization in both soybean and cotton; nutrients analyses in vegetal tissues showed increase of P and nitrogen content in inoculated plants, these results reflect in a higher yield. Our results showed that, AMF inoculation increase the effectiveness of fertilizer application in soybean and reduce the fertilizer dosage in cotton.

Introduction

n class="Chemical">Nutrienpan>t availability is crucial to planpan>t growth anpan>d crop productionpan>. This is inpan>fluenpan>ced by several factors such as the chemical anpan>d physical properties of soil, climate anpan>d crop type. Crop productionpan> inpan> tropical soils requires large amounpan>ts of chemical fertilizers, which enpan>hanpan>ce nutrienpan>t release anpan>d availability for planpan>t nutritionpan> (Miranpan>sari, 2011). pan> class="Species">Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a legume plant, of Fabaceae family. It is cultivated on large scale because has good adaptability to different soil and climatic conditions. Brazil is the second largest world producer of soybeans after the United States, and the total planted area reached 30,105 thousand hectares. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a dicotyledonous plant of Malvaceae family, also cultivated in large scale, its cultivation is an economically important activity for the country and reached around of 1,102.8 thousand hectares of planted area (IBGE, 2014). Therefore, cotton and soybean are two important crops in Brazil and, represent around 58% of the total cultivated area (CONAB, 2014) requiring a large amounts of chemicals fertilizers.

The large use of chemical fertilizers has a serious impact on the environment (Tilman et al., 2002) and the agricultural practices influence soil microorganisms greatly, decreasing soil fertility and n class="Disease">organic matter turnover (Altieri, 1999). However, the more crucial issue for modernpan> agriculture is that the natural reservoir of some nutrienpan>ts as pan> class="Chemical">phosphorus (P) is decreasing in the world, leading to increase in fertilizer prices in the last decade (Cordell et al., 2009). The challenge for crop production is change to sustainable practices, by finding alternatives for increasing nutrient availability for plant nutrition as organic fertilization. Some these alternatives for organic fertilization include the use de soil microorganisms (Barrios, 2007; Miransari, 2011). Soil microorganisms play an important role by contributing significantly to nutrient availability through biochemical transformations. Some of these microorganisms act directly on plant nutrition by establishing symbiotic associations with plant roots (Bardgett, 2005). The symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant roots is one of the most known beneficial interactions occurring in soil (Smith and Smith, 2011), playing an important role in crop production and nutrient turnover (Andrade, 2004).

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase the uptake of soil inorganic nutrients, mainly P (n class="Chemical">Neumanpan>n anpan>d George, 2010). Inpan> additionpan>, other benpan>efits related to pan> class="Chemical">AMF are the stabilization of soil aggregates (Rillig, 2004), increased resistance to water stress (Garg and Chandel, 2010) and protection against pathogens (Jung et al., 2012). The use of biofertilizer is considered a good alternative to replace or reduce chemical fertilizer use. In example, other symbiotic microorganisms have been successfully used in soybean, and currently, Bradyrhizobium and other genera of symbiotic N-fixing bacteria are extensively used as biofertilizer in intensive soybean culture (Deaker et al., 2004) but not for AMF inocula.

In recent years, interest in n class="Chemical">AMF has focused onpan> finpan>dinpan>g a viable method to optimize the productionpan> of pan> class="Chemical">AMF inoculum to use as inoculant in crop systems (Gianinazzi and Vosátka, 2004; Ijdo et al., 2011). The AMF inoculation in field conditions was been evaluated by some authors as Romero and Bago (2010), Pellegrino et al. (2011, 2012), and Ortas (2012) showing a high potential to increase crops yields. However, the success of AMF inoculation in agricultural soils can be determined by many factors such as species compatibility, habitat niche availability for AMF and competition with native fungi (Verbruggen et al., 2013), these aspects need to be evaluated under local conditions for a more appropriate assessment of the viability of AMF use as biofertilizer in crops.

The potential of colonization in soil of in n class="Disease">vitro Rhizophagus clarus inoculum was first assessmenpan>t inpan> cottonpan> anpan>d pan> class="Species">soybean in greenhouse conditions. No differences were found between R. clarus in vitro and pot culture inoculums for root colonization, plant biomass and P uptake. These results showed the successful of this AMF isolate in pure culture and the potential of this species for large-scale inoculum production (Cely, 2014).

The objective of this work was to determine the effectiveness of n class="Chemical">AMF (pan> class="Species">R. clarus) inoculation in two crops soybean (Glycine max L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), assessing its effect on plant growth, nutrient uptake and yield when compared with conventional chemical fertilization under field conditions. Our hypothesis is that AMF inoculation can be an alternative for total nutrient supply or more effective nutrient absorption, when combined with chemical fertilization.

Materials and Methods

Experimental Area

The experiments were carried out in Londrina city – PR, Brazil (23°55′46″ S and 51°19′11″ W) during summer (n class="Chemical">November to June). The climate is humid subtropical, with rainfall during all seasonpan>s, relative humidity around 69% anpan>d about 2,000 mm of anpan>nual precipitationpan>, anpan>d the average summer temperature is around 29.5°C.

Two experimental areas were used (A1 and A2) with a Rhodic Ferralsol soil type according FAO (1994). Soil chemical composition and the number of indigenous n class="Chemical">AMF were determined before sowing by wet sieving anpan>d decanpan>ting (Gerdemanpan>n anpan>d pan> class="Chemical">Nicolson, 1963) (Table ).

AMF Inoculum Production and Seeds Inoculation

The n class="Species">R. clarus inpan>oculum was produced inpan> vitro conpan>ditionpan>s. The monpan>oxenpan>ic culture was obtainpan>ed usinpan>g pan> class="Species">carrot (Daucus carota L.) Ri T-DNA transformed roots as host organs (Supplementary Figure ). The R. clarus cultures were maintained by continuous subculture of young colonized root fragments (every 4–5 weeks at 25°C, in the dark) in modified Strullu–Romand medium (MRS; Declerck et al., 1998). Petri dishes with massive growth (mycelia and spores) of R. clarus and colonized roots were used as crude inoculum. The inoculation methods consist in the seeds palletization with different propagules (colonized roots, hyphae fragments, and spores) from in vitro pure cultures of R. clarus helped by an organic matrix and turf. The procedure to obtain massive inoculum and seeds inoculation is described in the patent INPI BR 10 2014 017389 7 – July 15, 2014 (Andrade et al., 2014).

Experimental Design

Soybean Experiments

Two experiments were carried out with n class="Species">soybean, first inpan> the harvest 2012/13 (E1), usinpan>g a conpan>venpan>tionpan>al pan> class="Species">soybean var. BRS 133 and the second in the harvest 2013/14 (E2) with a transgenic soybean var. BRS 359 RR. Both experiments were composed by the following treatments: Control (non-AMF inoculation and non-fertilizer application); Fertilizer (200 kg ha-1 NPK 0:20:20); AMF (R. clarus inoculation plus 65 kg ha-1 KCl); AMF + Fertilizer (R. clarus inoculation plus 200 kg ha-1 NPK 0:20:20); and AMF + 1/2 Fertilizer (R. clarus inoculation plus 100 kg ha-1 NPK 0:20:20). The fertilizer dosage (200 kg ha-1 NPK 0:20:20) was according with agronomic recommendations and chemicals analyses of soil in experimental areas (Table ). The nitrogen (N) supply in all treatments was a commercial inoculant (Rizo Plus® Rhizobacter) that contain two lines of Bradyrhizobium japonicum (SEMIA 5079 and SEMIA 5080) and its inoculation was according the manufacturer’s recommendation.

The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with five replicates (Supplementary Figure ). Each replicate consist in plots of 5 × 8 m (40 m2) with 10 rows with spacing 0.45 m and, a density of ten plants per linear meter (approx. 200,000 plants ha-1). The plots were separated by two lateral lines as edge.

Cotton Experiment

Cotton experiment was carried out in the harvest 2013/14 (December–June) with the following treatments: Control (n class="Disease">Non-AMF inoculation anpan>d nonpan>-fertilizer applicationpan>); Fertilizer (200 kg ha-1 PK 20:20 + 200 kg ha-1 pan> class="Chemical">urea); AMF (R. clarus inoculation plus 65 kg ha-1 KCl + 200 kg ha-1 urea); AMF + Fertilizer (R. clarus inoculation plus 200 kg ha-1 PK 20:20 + 200 kg ha-1 urea); and AMF + 1/2 Fertilizer (R. clarus inoculation plus 100 kg ha-1 PK 20:20 + 200 kg ha-1 urea). The cotton variety used was Bayer® FM 975WS and the fertilizer dosage (200 kg ha-1 PK 20:20 + 200 kg ha-1 urea) was according agronomic recommendation for experimental area based in chemical analyses of soil (Table ). The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with five replicates as described above for soybean experiments.

Evaluations and Harvest

The effect of R. clarus inoculationpan> in pan> class="Species">soybean and cotton experiments was assessed by the quantification of effective mycorrhizal colonization of roots and their effect in nutrient uptake (N and phosphorus), biomass production (shoot dry weight), and yield grain (soybean) and lint (cotton).

In soybean experiments, roots of 10 planpan>ts per plot were sampled ranpan>domly at 30 anpan>d 80 days after emergence (DAE) to evaluate the mycorrhizal colonpan>izationpan>. In sampled planpan>ts at 80 DAE was made the evaluationpan>s of biomass anpan>d quanpan>tificationpan> of pan> class="Chemical">N and P in plant tissues for variety BRS 133. The percentage of mycorrhizal colonization was estimated by the grid-line method (Giovanetti and Mosse, 1980) after fresh roots were stained (Phillips and Hayman, 1970). N and P in shoot tissues were quantified according to Murphy and Riley (1962) and Sarruge and Haag (1974), respectively. For biomass quantification, plants were cut at the ground level; the total fresh shoot height was measured and shoot dry weight was determined after drying at 50°C for 72 h. For cotton, plants and roots were sampled at 120 DAE. Five plants per treatment of each plot were randomly collected, and evaluated for AMF colonization, fresh and dry shoot height, and N and P quantification.

Relative mycorrhizal dependency (n class="Disease">RMD) was determined by the given below (Plenchette et al., 1983).

n class="Species">Soybean grains were harvested at 120 DAE. For yield estimationpan> were sampled four linear meters (2 m2) in central area of each plot; after sampling the grains were cleanpan>ed, dried, anpan>d weighted. Cottonpan> yield was estimated at 190 DAE by counting anpan>d collecting opened bolls in 20 planpan>ts in the central rows of each plot.

Statistical Analysis

The statistical analyses of AMF root colonpan>izationpan> were performed using the Friedmanpan> test at a signpan>ificanpan>ce level of p ≤ 0.05. Planpan>t growth parameters, nutrient uptake anpan>d field were anpan>alyzed by anpan>alysis of varianpan>ce (Apan> class="Chemical">NOVA) and the Tukey test (HSD) at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. The analysis was carried with BioEstat 5.0 and STATISTICA 7.0 software.

Results

Soybean Experiments

The first evaluation (30 DAE) of n class="Chemical">AMF colonpan>izationpan> for two soybean varieties (BRS 133 and BRS 359 RR) showed that R. clarus inoculation increased root colonization about 20% more than non-inoculated plants; although not statistically significant, this difference indicates that inoculation have a positive effect (Figures and ). At 80 DAE the roots colonization showed higher values, around 70%, in inoculated plants with the addition of half dose of fertilizers (AMF + 1/2 Fertilizer), in this time these differences were statistically significant by Friedman test (p < 0,05) when compared with non-inoculated plants for two soybean varieties (Figures and ). When analyze the AMF root colonization of two soybean varieties, is possible observing that the transgenic variety BRS 359 RR had a highest early colonization (around 50% at 30 DAE) that the conventional variety BRS 133 (around 30% at 30 DAE).

Root colonization of n class="Species">soybean variety BRS 133 at 30 days Conpan>trol (n class="Chemical">Non-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and non-fertilizer application); Fertilizer (200 kg ha-1 NPK 0:20:20); AMF (Rhizophagus clarus inoculation plus 65 kg ha-1 KCl); AMF + Fertilizer (R. clarus inoculation plus 200 kg ha-1 NPK 0:20:20); and AMF + 1/2 Fertilizer (R. clarus inoculation plus 100 kg ha-1 NPK 0:20:20). Columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different among treatments by Friedman test (n = 5) at p < 0.05. Bars represent standard error of means.

Root colonization of n class="Species">soybean variety BRS 359 RR at 30 days Conpan>trol (pan> class="Disease">Non-AMF inoculation and non-fertilizer application); Fertilizer (200 kg ha-1 NPK 0:20:20); AMF (R. clarus inoculation plus 65 kg ha-1 KCl); AMF + Fertilizer (R. clarus inoculation plus 200 kg ha-1 NPK 0:20:20); and AMF + 1/2 Fertilizer (R. clarus inoculation plus 100 kg ha-1 NPK 0:20:20). Columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different among treatments by Friedman test (n = 5) at p < 0.05. Bars represent standard error of means.

The response of n class="Species">soybean at pan> class="Species">R. clarus inoculation was assessment in variety BRS 133 at 80 DAE and are show in Table . No differences were observed in plant height between the control and fertilizer or inoculated treatments. Plant biomass and nutrients (N and P) uptake showed that R. clarus inoculation (AMF) had the same effect that the conventional fertilization (Fertilizer) and R. clarus inoculation with half dose of fertilizer (AMF + 1/2 Fertilizer). These treatments presented statistic differences regarding control (Control) according Tukey test (p < 0.05) but not among them. In the other hand, the highest values for these variables were observed in the treatment with R. clarus inoculation in combination with conventional fertilization (AMF + Fertilizer). This combination increased highly N and P uptake, around 24%, when compared with soybean only fertilized.

Effect of AM inoculation on height, biomass and nutrients uptake in n class="Species">soybean planpan>ts at 80 DAE.

Reflecting the increase in nutrients uptake, n class="Species">R. clarus inpan>oculum inpan>creased grainpan> yield inpan> cultivar BRS 133, the higher yield was observed inpan> pan> class="Chemical">AMF+ Fertilizer treatment, the statistical analysis showed the yield could be equivalent between conventional fertilization, AMF and AMF + Fertilizer treatments (Figure ). Soybean BRS 359 showed the best grain yield in AMF + Fertilizer and AMF + 1/2Fertilizer treatments (Figure ). The effect of R. clarus inoculation showed high correlation between yield of soybean BRS 133 and P (r = 0.98; p = 0.01) and N (r = 0.96; p = 0.03) tissue contents (Figure ).

Effect of AMF inoculationpan> onpan> grain yield of pan> class="Species">soybean BRS 133 Control (Non-AMF inoculation and non-fertilizer application); Fertilizer (200 kg ha-1 NPK 0:20:20); AMF (R. clarus inoculation plus 65 kg ha-1 KCl); AMF + Fertilizer (R. clarus inoculation plus 200 kg ha-1 NPK 0:20:20); and AMF + 1/2 Fertilizer (R. clarus inoculation plus 100 kg ha-1 NPK 0:20:20). Columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different between treatments (p < 0.05) was determined by Tukey test. Bars represent standard error of means.

Correlation between shoot nutrients uptake and grain yield of soybean var. pan> class="Chemical">BRS133. (A) Phosphorous (P) uptake and grain yield. (B) Nitrogen (N) uptake and grain yield.

Cotton Experiment

The R. clarus inoculationpan> increased root colonpan>izationpan> (80%) when compared with planpan>ts without inoculationpan> (50%) at 120 DAE (Figure ) anpan>d, this difference in the colonpan>izationpan> was statistically signpan>ificanpan>t according Friedmanpan> test (p < 0.05), showing that just as pan> class="Species">soybean, the cotton inoculation with a R. clarus had a positive response.

Effect of AMF inoculationpan> in cottonpan>. (A) Root colonpan>izationpan> at 120 days after emergence (DAE); (B) lint cottonpan> yield; (C) correlationpan> between shoot P uptake anpan>d lint cottonpan> yield; (D) correlationpan> between shoot pan> class="Chemical">N uptake and lint cotton yield. Control (Non-AMF inoculation and non-fertilizer application); Fertilizer (200 kg ha-1 PK 20:20 + 200 kg ha-1 urea); AMF (R. clarus inoculation plus 65 kg ha-1 KCl + 200 kg ha-1 urea); AMF + Fertilizer (R. clarus inoculation plus 200 kg ha-1 PK 20:20 + 200 kg ha-1 urea); and AMF + 1/2 Fertilizer (R. clarus inoculation plus 100 kg ha-1 PK 20:20 + 200 kg ha-1 urea). Columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p < 0.05) between treatments by Friendman test (for root colonization) and Tukey test (for lint yield). Bars represent standard error of means for each treatment.

The n class="Chemical">AMF inpan>oculationpan> does not show a signpan>ificanpan>t effect inpan> planpan>t height. Others parameters as planpan>t biomass anpan>d nutrienpan>ts uptake showed differenpan>ces inpan> conpan>trol planpan>ts whenpan> compared with fertilizer anpan>d pan> class="Chemical">AMF + Fertilizer combinations. Statistical analysis of these parameters suggest that conventional fertilization in cotton have the same effect that only AMF inoculation, in other hand the fertilization in combination with AMF inoculation (AMF + Fertilizer and AMF + 1/2/Fertilizer) not differ among them (Table ). Lint cotton yield was significantly higher in plans with AMF inoculation without fertilization and in treatment with AMF inoculation with half dose of fertilizer (Figure ). Nutrients uptake showing significantly high correlation with lint cotton yield, therefore for P uptake the correlation coefficient was r = 0.90 (Figure ), and for N uptake r = 0.96 (Figure ), both statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Effect of R. clarus inoculationpan> onpan> total shoot height, biomass, P anpan>d pan> class="Chemical">N shoot uptake of cotton plants at 120 DAE.

Discussion

The inoculation of n class="Species">R. clarus inpan>creased planpan>t growth anpan>d yield of two varieties of pan> class="Species">soybean and cotton. Apparently, the inoculum produced in vitro was more competitive against native AMF, since inoculated plants showed increased AMF colonization and shoot uptake of P and N. Soybean and cotton showed different responses for R. clarus inoculum. First, in soybean, there was a triple interaction (Bradyrhizobium – R. clarus – plant root), and the inoculum tested was infective and effective, since symbiotic bacteria were already present.

The success of n class="Chemical">AMF inpan>oculationpan> inpan> agricultural soils canpan> be determinpan>ed by manpan>y factors such as species compatibility, habitat niche availability for pan> class="Chemical">AMF and competition with native fungi (Verbruggen et al., 2013). Compatibility is an important point for AMF inoculation, where some isolates could be host “specialists,” while others “generalists” (Öpik and Moora, 2012). The inoculum of R. clarus tested showed a generalist nature, since it enhanced both plant growth and yield. Accordingly, AMF that are considered plant host generalists have a high establishment rate in several crops (Öpik and Moora, 2012); the results showed that soybean and cotton were effectively colonized, indicating a low specificity by the host plants for R. clarus.

In the experiments, mycorrhizal colonization in control plant was around 50% indicating that the agricultural soils support an active indigenous n class="Chemical">AMF communpan>ity. The adaptationpan> of pan> class="Species">R. clarus and its competition capacity against indigenous AMF were high. The problem in obtaining an effective AMF inoculum to use on large scale concerns these factors exactly; the inoculum showed good infectivity and high competition capacity under field conditions.

As well known, soil P availability is one the most important factors of n class="Chemical">AMF regulationpan>, anpan>d this characteristic is directly related to the role of P uptake inpan> the pan> class="Disease">AMF symbiosis (Smith et al., 2003; Breuillin et al., 2010; Gutjahr and Parniske, 2013). Our results showed that in soybean and cotton, the moderate soil P availability in the experimental areas (12 and 17 mg dm-3) did not inhibit root colonization of the native AMF population and inoculum of R. clarus. The effectiveness of AMF inoculation in greenhouse experiments with phosphate fertilization showed that moderate phosphate availability can allow mycorrhizal colonization, promoting plant growth (Schroeder and Janos, 2005; Taffouo et al., 2013; Xie et al., 2014), and the same responses were found in a field conditions in soybean (Maddox and Soileau, 1991; Karaca et al., 2013).

On other hand, soil P availability can be determined by soil chemical characteristics that influence n class="Chemical">phosphate solubility. Inpan> acid soils, P is less available because of immobilizationpan>, evenpan> with fertilizer applicationpan>s, makinpan>g it unpan>available to planpan>ts (Busmanpan> et al., 2002). Rhodic Ferralsol soils inpan> the experimenpan>tal area showed low pH, where they canpan> adsorb pan> class="Chemical">phosphate, and AMF has an important role in enhancing P uptake and availability, including P from chemical fertilization.

Plants with high P requirements show a high n class="Disease">RMD inpan>dex (Plenpan>chette et al., 1983). Cottonpan> showed a higher pan> class="Disease">RMD (45%) than did soybean (26%) when inoculated with R. clarus in the presence or absence of fertilizer. In contrast, when P was added at the recommended dose in combination with AMF inoculation, this index decreased to 41% in cotton and increased to 47% in soybean, suggesting that the gain in biomass was related to the availability of P from the fertilizer, which R. clarus provided for the plant roots. Thompson et al. (2012) obtained the same results.

The finding that P and n class="Chemical">N uptake inpan>creased inpan> both crops may be related to pan> class="Species">R. clarus association as observed by other authors (Allen et al., 2003; Barea et al., 2005). AMF improved plant nutrition, leading to an increase in grain yield in soybean and cotton lint production, showing a positive correlation between plant nutrition and yield. Mahanta et al. (2014) also observed a positive linear relationship between P and yield in soybean when inoculated with AMF. The effect of R. clarus on cotton growth and yield found here agrees with Thompson et al. (2012) who found an increase in seed cotton yield with Glomus mosseae inoculation. The effect of AMF inoculation. However, this is the first time that R. clarus inoculum obtained under axenic conditions was tested under field conditions. Ceballos et al. (2013) showed that inoculation of Rhizophagus irregularis increased the cassava yield in field and suggest this practice as alternative for improve this crop in several countries.

Conclusion

The inoculum of n class="Species">R. clarus evaluated was very competitive againpan>st enpan>dogenpan>ous pan> class="Chemical">AMF and also increased plant growth and yield. R. clarus obtained in vitro and tested in the field was efficient in starting early AMF infection in seedlings, improving AM colonization in soybean and cotton. The inoculum of R. clarus helped plants to take up P from fertilizer and showed high potential for use in combination with conventional fertilization, for intensive agriculture system in large areas in tropical soils, increasing P absorption and more efficient fertilization use, this is fundamental for the actual challenge of crops production.

Author Contributions

All authors listed, have made substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Table 1

Soil properties of the experimental areas.

Area	P (mg dm3)	C (g dm3)	pH	cmolc dm-3							%		MP (Spores/g)
				Al	H+ Al	Ca	Mg	K	S	CEC	V	SA
A1	12.2	18.42	4.8	0.17	6.20	5.02	1.76	0.84	7.62	13.8	55.13	2.18	3
A2	17.3	17.45	5.0	0.00	5.76	4.15	1.72	0.56	6.43	12.2	52.74	0.00	4
P–K: Mehlich I				Ca–Mg–Al: KCl M							pH: CaCl2 0.01 M

Table 2

Effect of AM inoculation on height, biomass and nutrients uptake in soybean plants at 80 DAE.

Treatments	Height (cm)	Biomass (g plant-1)	P (mg plant -1)	N (mg plant -1 (×10))	RMD (%)
Control	64 ± 5a	21.4 ± 11c	52 ± 29c	190 ± 90c	–
Fertilizer	64 ± 8a	32.4 ± 10ab	82 ± 30ab	300 ± 80ab	–
AMF	62 ± 7a	28.9 ± 7ab	73 ± 13ab	280 ± 50ab	26
AMF+ Fertilizer	57 ± 6a	40.0 ± 8a	102 ± 25a	380 ± 90a	47
AMF+ ½Fertilizer	65 ± 11a	28.6 ± 9ab	75 ± 24ab	300 ± 90ab	26

Table 3

Effect of R. clarus inoculation on total shoot height, biomass, P and N shoot uptake of cotton plants at 120 DAE.

Treatments	Height (cm)	Biomass (g plant-1)	P (mg plant -1)	N (mg plant -1 (×10))	RMD (%)
Control	139.7 ± 15a	48 ± 12b	7 ± 2b	204.6 ± 50b	—
Fertilizer	137.7 ± 11a	59 ± 15ab	12 ± 4ab	250.8 ± 60ab	—
AMF	129.0 ± 14a	87 ± 15a	14 ± 2a	357.8 ± 50a	45
AMF + Fertilizer	143.0 ± 5a	81 ± 18a	15 ± 4a	348.4 ± 90a	41
AMF + 1/2 Fertilizer	136.3 ± 21a	82 ± 24a	14 ± 3a	339.7 ± 90ab	41