OBJECTIVE: The authors examined the safety and efficacy of antidepressants added to antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia. METHOD: Multiple databases and previous publications were searched through June 2015 to identify all randomized controlled trials of any add-on antidepressants compared with placebo or no-treatment in schizophrenia. Depressive and negative symptoms (primary outcomes), overall symptoms, positive symptoms, side effects, exacerbation of psychosis, and responder rates were examined. Subgroup, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were performed, as well as investigations of publication bias and risk of bias. RESULTS: Eighty-two randomized controlled trials with a total of 3,608 participants were included. Add-on antidepressants appeared more efficacious than controls for depressive symptoms (standardized mean difference: -0.25, 95% CI=-0.38 to -0.12), negative symptoms (standardized mean difference: -0.30, 95% CI=-0.44 to -0.16), overall symptoms (standardized mean difference: -0.24, 95% CI=-0.39 to -0.09), positive symptoms (standardized mean difference: -0.17, 95% CI=-0.33 to -0.01), quality of life (standardized mean difference: -0.32, 95% CI=-0.57 to -0.06), and responder rate (risk ratio: 1.52, 95% CI=1.29 to 1.78; number-needed-to-treat-to-benefit: 5, 95% CI=4 to 7). The effects on depressive and negative symptoms appeared more pronounced when minimum thresholds of these symptoms were inclusion criteria (standardized mean difference: -0.34, 95% CI=-0.58 to -0.09 and standardized mean difference: -0.58, 95% CI=-0.94 to -0.21, respectively). There were no significant differences between antidepressants and controls in terms of exacerbation of psychosis, premature discontinuation, and the number of participants with at least one adverse event. More patients taking add-on antidepressants suffered from abdominal pain, constipation, dizziness, and dry mouth. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of primary outcomes (depressive and negative symptoms) suggests small, beneficial effects of adjunctive antidepressants. It would appear that this augmentation can be accomplished with a low risk of exacerbation of psychosis and adverse effects. However, secondary and subgroup analyses should be interpreted cautiously and considered exploratory.
OBJECTIVE: The authors examined the safety and efficacy of antidepressants added to antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia. METHOD: Multiple databases and previous publications were searched through June 2015 to identify all randomized controlled trials of any add-on antidepressants compared with placebo or no-treatment in schizophrenia. Depressive and negative symptoms (primary outcomes), overall symptoms, positive symptoms, side effects, exacerbation of psychosis, and responder rates were examined. Subgroup, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were performed, as well as investigations of publication bias and risk of bias. RESULTS: Eighty-two randomized controlled trials with a total of 3,608 participants were included. Add-on antidepressants appeared more efficacious than controls for depressive symptoms (standardized mean difference: -0.25, 95% CI=-0.38 to -0.12), negative symptoms (standardized mean difference: -0.30, 95% CI=-0.44 to -0.16), overall symptoms (standardized mean difference: -0.24, 95% CI=-0.39 to -0.09), positive symptoms (standardized mean difference: -0.17, 95% CI=-0.33 to -0.01), quality of life (standardized mean difference: -0.32, 95% CI=-0.57 to -0.06), and responder rate (risk ratio: 1.52, 95% CI=1.29 to 1.78; number-needed-to-treat-to-benefit: 5, 95% CI=4 to 7). The effects on depressive and negative symptoms appeared more pronounced when minimum thresholds of these symptoms were inclusion criteria (standardized mean difference: -0.34, 95% CI=-0.58 to -0.09 and standardized mean difference: -0.58, 95% CI=-0.94 to -0.21, respectively). There were no significant differences between antidepressants and controls in terms of exacerbation of psychosis, premature discontinuation, and the number of participants with at least one adverse event. More patients taking add-on antidepressants suffered from abdominal pain, constipation, dizziness, and dry mouth. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of primary outcomes (depressive and negative symptoms) suggests small, beneficial effects of adjunctive antidepressants. It would appear that this augmentation can be accomplished with a low risk of exacerbation of psychosis and adverse effects. However, secondary and subgroup analyses should be interpreted cautiously and considered exploratory.
Authors: Rachel Upthegrove; Paris Lalousis; Pavan Mallikarjun; Katharine Chisholm; Sian Lowri Griffiths; Mariam Iqbal; Mirabel Pelton; Renate Reniers; Alexandra Stainton; Marlene Rosen; Anne Ruef; Dominic B Dwyer; Marian Surman; Theresa Haidl; Nora Penzel; Lana Kambeitz-Llankovic; Alessandro Bertolino; Paolo Brambilla; Stefan Borgwardt; Joseph Kambeitz; Rebekka Lencer; Christos Pantelis; Stephan Ruhrmann; Frauke Schultze-Lutter; Raimo K R Salokangas; Eva Meisenzahl; Stephen J Wood; Nikolaos Koutsouleris Journal: Schizophr Bull Date: 2021-01-23 Impact factor: 9.306
Authors: Elias Wagner; John M Kane; Christoph U Correll; Oliver Howes; Dan Siskind; William G Honer; Jimmy Lee; Peter Falkai; Thomas Schneider-Axmann; Alkomiet Hasan Journal: Schizophr Bull Date: 2020-12-01 Impact factor: 9.306
Authors: Delbert G Robinson; Nina R Schooler; Christoph U Correll; Majnu John; Benji T Kurian; Patricia Marcy; Alexander L Miller; Ronny Pipes; Madhukar H Trivedi; John M Kane Journal: Am J Psychiatry Date: 2017-09-15 Impact factor: 18.112
Authors: Emma E M Knowles; Samuel R Mathias; Godfrey D Pearlson; Jennifer Barrett; Josephine Mollon; Dominique Denbow; Katrina Aberzik; Molly Zatony; David C Glahn Journal: Schizophr Res Date: 2018-10-26 Impact factor: 4.939